IMMOBILIZATION OF BLACK HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PIGRA) USING BUTORPHANOL, AZAPERONE, MEDETOMIDINE IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE FOR NONINVASIVE PROCEDURES.

Abstract

Administration of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) for immobilization of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) has not been previously reported. In this observational study, 0.02 ml/kg of compounded BAM (butorphanol 27.3 mg/ml, azaperone 9.1 mg/ml, medetomidine 10.9 mg/ml) was administered IM in 10 captive black howler monkeys. Time to immobilization was recorded, an arterial blood gas performed, and at 5-min intervals, HR, RR, oscillometric arterial blood pressure, SPO_2, and rectal temperature were measured. Naltrexone and atipamezole were administered IM at procedure completion and recovery times were recorded. If invasive procedures such as surgery were necessary and additional drugs needed, further data from that individual was removed from data analysis. Final BAM dosages were 0.55 ± 0.12 mg/kg butorphanol, 0.19 ± 0.04 mg/kg azaperone, and 0.22 ± 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine. Nine of 10 monkeys achieved sedation allowing for physical exam, venipuncture, and tuberculin skin testing within 4 ± 2 min. No monkeys reached a plane of immobilization allowing for intubation. Physiologic variables were acceptable for this species. Hypoxemia (SPO₂ < 95%) was observed in three monkeys via pulse oximetry, and normoxemia was observed on arterial blood gas. Recovery was smooth and rapid. Therefore, BAM is a viable option for noninvasive procedures or as a premedication prior to induction of anesthesia in black howler monkeys.