{"title":"Predicting the future of autoimmune encephalitides","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.neurol.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept that many neurologic and psychiatric disorders of unknown cause are immune-mediated has evolved fast during the past 20 years. The main contribution to the expansion of this field has been the discovery of antibodies that attack neuronal or glial cell-surface proteins or receptors, directly modifying their structure and function. These antibodies facilitate the diagnosis and prompt treatment of patients who often improve with immunotherapy. The identification of this group of diseases, collectively named “autoimmune encephalitides”, was preceded by many years of investigations on other autoimmune CNS disorders in which the antibodies are against intracellular proteins, occur more frequently with cancer, and associate with cytotoxic T-cell responses that are less responsive to immunotherapy. Here, we first trace the recent history of the autoimmune encephalitides and address how to assess the clinical value and implement in our practice the rapid pace of autoantibody discovery. In addition, we review recent developments in the post-acute stage of the two main autoimmune encephalitides (NMDAR and LGI1) focusing on symptoms that are frequently overlooked or missed, and therefore undertreated. Because a better understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases relies on animal models, we examine currently available studies, recognizing the existing needs for better and all-inclusive neuro-immunobiological models. Finally, we assess the status of biomarkers of disease outcome, clinical scales, current treatment strategies, and emerging therapies including CAR T-cell technology. Altogether, this overview is intended to identify gaps of knowledge and provide suggestions for improvement and insights for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21321,"journal":{"name":"Revue neurologique","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Revue neurologique","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035378724005836","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CLINICAL NEUROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The concept that many neurologic and psychiatric disorders of unknown cause are immune-mediated has evolved fast during the past 20 years. The main contribution to the expansion of this field has been the discovery of antibodies that attack neuronal or glial cell-surface proteins or receptors, directly modifying their structure and function. These antibodies facilitate the diagnosis and prompt treatment of patients who often improve with immunotherapy. The identification of this group of diseases, collectively named “autoimmune encephalitides”, was preceded by many years of investigations on other autoimmune CNS disorders in which the antibodies are against intracellular proteins, occur more frequently with cancer, and associate with cytotoxic T-cell responses that are less responsive to immunotherapy. Here, we first trace the recent history of the autoimmune encephalitides and address how to assess the clinical value and implement in our practice the rapid pace of autoantibody discovery. In addition, we review recent developments in the post-acute stage of the two main autoimmune encephalitides (NMDAR and LGI1) focusing on symptoms that are frequently overlooked or missed, and therefore undertreated. Because a better understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases relies on animal models, we examine currently available studies, recognizing the existing needs for better and all-inclusive neuro-immunobiological models. Finally, we assess the status of biomarkers of disease outcome, clinical scales, current treatment strategies, and emerging therapies including CAR T-cell technology. Altogether, this overview is intended to identify gaps of knowledge and provide suggestions for improvement and insights for future research.
在过去的 20 年中,许多原因不明的神经和精神疾病都是由免疫介导的这一概念得到了快速发展。这一领域的发展主要得益于抗体的发现,这些抗体可以攻击神经元或神经胶质细胞表面蛋白或受体,直接改变它们的结构和功能。这些抗体为诊断和及时治疗患者提供了便利,这些患者往往在接受免疫疗法后病情有所好转。在发现这一类疾病(统称为 "自身免疫性脑炎")之前,我们已对其他自身免疫性中枢神经系统疾病进行了多年研究,这些疾病的抗体针对细胞内蛋白,更常与癌症同时发生,并与对免疫疗法反应较弱的细胞毒性T细胞反应相关联。在此,我们首先回顾了自身免疫性脑病的近代史,并探讨了如何评估自身抗体的临床价值,以及如何在实践中快速应用自身抗体的发现。此外,我们还回顾了两种主要自身免疫性脑炎(NMDAR 和 LGI1)急性期后阶段的最新进展,重点关注那些经常被忽视或遗漏、因而治疗不足的症状。由于更好地了解这些疾病的病理生理学有赖于动物模型,我们审视了现有的研究,认识到目前需要更好的、包罗万象的神经免疫生物学模型。最后,我们评估了疾病结局生物标志物、临床量表、当前治疗策略以及包括 CAR T 细胞技术在内的新兴疗法的现状。总之,本综述旨在找出知识差距,为未来研究提供改进建议和见解。
期刊介绍:
The first issue of the Revue Neurologique, featuring an original article by Jean-Martin Charcot, was published on February 28th, 1893. Six years later, the French Society of Neurology (SFN) adopted this journal as its official publication in the year of its foundation, 1899.
The Revue Neurologique was published throughout the 20th century without interruption and is indexed in all international databases (including Current Contents, Pubmed, Scopus). Ten annual issues provide original peer-reviewed clinical and research articles, and review articles giving up-to-date insights in all areas of neurology. The Revue Neurologique also publishes guidelines and recommendations.
The Revue Neurologique publishes original articles, brief reports, general reviews, editorials, and letters to the editor as well as correspondence concerning articles previously published in the journal in the correspondence column.