Retrotransposons and Diabetes Mellitus.

IF 2.5 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Epigenomes Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI:10.3390/epigenomes8030035
Andromachi Katsanou, Charilaos Kostoulas, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Agathocles Tsatsoulis, Ioannis Georgiou, Stelios Tigas
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Abstract

Retrotransposons are invasive genetic elements, which replicate by copying and pasting themselves throughout the genome in a process called retrotransposition. The most abundant retrotransposons by number in the human genome are Alu and LINE-1 elements, which comprise approximately 40% of the human genome. The ability of retrotransposons to expand and colonize eukaryotic genomes has rendered them evolutionarily successful and is responsible for creating genetic alterations leading to significant impacts on their hosts. Previous research suggested that hypomethylation of Alu and LINE-1 elements is associated with global hypomethylation and genomic instability in several types of cancer and diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus (DM). With the advancement of sequencing technologies and computational tools, the study of the retrotransposon's association with physiology and diseases is becoming a hot topic among researchers. Quantifying Alu and LINE-1 methylation is thought to serve as a surrogate measurement of global DNA methylation level. Although Alu and LINE-1 hypomethylation appears to serve as a cellular senescence biomarker promoting genomic instability, there is sparse information available regarding their potential functional and biological significance in DM. This review article summarizes the current knowledge on the involvement of the main epigenetic alterations in the methylation status of Alu and LINE-1 retrotransposons and their potential role as epigenetic markers of global DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of DM.

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逆转录转座子与糖尿病
反转座子是一种侵入性遗传元件,通过在整个基因组中复制和粘贴来进行复制,这一过程被称为反转座。在人类基因组中,数量最多的逆转录转座子是Alu和LINE-1元件,约占人类基因组的40%。反转座子具有扩展和定殖真核基因组的能力,这使它们在进化过程中取得了成功,并造成了基因改变,对宿主产生了重大影响。以前的研究表明,Alu 和 LINE-1 元件的低甲基化与几种癌症和疾病(如神经退行性疾病、肥胖症、骨质疏松症和糖尿病(DM))中的全局低甲基化和基因组不稳定性有关。随着测序技术和计算工具的进步,研究逆转录转座子与生理和疾病的关系正成为研究人员的热门话题。量化Alu和LINE-1甲基化被认为是全球DNA甲基化水平的替代测量方法。虽然Alu和LINE-1低甲基化似乎是促进基因组不稳定性的细胞衰老生物标志物,但有关它们在DM中的潜在功能和生物学意义的信息却很少。这篇综述文章总结了目前关于Alu和LINE-1转座子甲基化状态的主要表观遗传学改变及其作为全球DNA甲基化的表观遗传学标记在DM发病机制中的潜在作用的知识。
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来源期刊
Epigenomes
Epigenomes GENETICS & HEREDITY-
CiteScore
3.80
自引率
0.00%
发文量
38
审稿时长
11 weeks
期刊最新文献
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