Simplifying complexity: integrating color science for predictable full-color and on-demand persistent luminescence using industrial disperse dyes†

Abstract

Developing color-tunable ultralong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with variable afterglow is essential for applications in displays, sensors, information encryption, and optoelectronic devices. However, designing full-color ultralong RTP for persistent luminescence remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a straightforward strategy to achieve predictable full-color afterglow using readily available disperse dyes in polymeric systems, via the phosphorescence resonance energy transfer (PRET) process. We incorporated the unconventional luminophore tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) into polyurethane (PU) to create a polymer host with green afterglow. By adding three typical disperse dyes as guests, we achieved a modulated afterglow covering the full visible light spectrum. Leveraging PRET processes between TAED and the disperse dyes, we achieved a prediction accuracy of 88.89% for afterglow color, surpassing well-developed coloration dye systems. This work thus introduces a novel method to obtain easily predictable ultralong RTP emission and establishes an on-demand design strategy for constructing disperse dye-based full-color afterglow, effectively linking fundamental color science to practical customization.