TGN-020 ameliorates motor dysfunction post-spinal cord injury via enhancing astrocyte autophagy and mitigating inflammation by activating AQP4/PPAR-γ/mTOR pathway

Abstract

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a severe condition that often leads to substantial neurological impairments. This study aimed to explore the role of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in regulating astrocyte autophagy and neuroinflammation post-SCI, as well as to evaluate the therapeutic potential of AQP4 inhibition using the specific inhibitor TGN-020. Using Western blot, CCK8 assays, immunofluorescence staining, histopathological assessments, and behavioral analyses, we investigated the effects of TGN-020 on SCI-induced alterations in autophagy, neuroinflammation, astrocyte proliferation, neuronal damage, and motor function recovery in both rat and astrocyte models. Our findings indicate that TGN-020 significantly enhances astrocyte autophagy, reduces neuroinflammation, thereby leading to mitigated astrocyte activation by suppressing AQP4 expression. These beneficial effects are associated with the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ/mammalian target of rapamycin (PPAR-γ/mTOR) signaling pathway. Notably, the introduction of the PPAR-γ specific inhibitor GW9662 abrogated the positive regulatory effects of TGN-020 on SCI-induced autophagy and neuroinflammation. Collectively, our in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that TGN-020, by down-regulating AQP4, activates the PPAR-γ/mTOR pathway, ameliorates astrocyte autophagy, diminishes neuroinflammation, and ultimately enhances motor function recovery.