Laura Lecompte, Marion Crouzier, Stéphane Baudry, Benedicte Vanwanseele
{"title":"Estimation of the Achilles tendon twist in vivo by individual triceps surae muscle stimulation.","authors":"Laura Lecompte, Marion Crouzier, Stéphane Baudry, Benedicte Vanwanseele","doi":"10.1111/joa.14138","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Achilles tendon (AT) is composed of three distinct subtendons, each arising from one of the three heads of the triceps surae muscles: gastrocnemius medialis (GM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and soleus (SOL). These subtendons exhibit a twisted structure, classified as low (Type I), medium (Type II), and high (Type III) twist, based on cadaveric studies. Nevertheless, the in vivo investigation of AT twist is notably scarce, resulting in a limited understanding of its functional significance. The aim of this study was to give insights into the complex 3D AT structure in vivo. A total of 30 healthy participants underwent individual stimulation of each of the triceps surae muscles at rest with the foot attached to the pedal of an isokinetic dynamometer. Ultrasound images were captured to concomitantly examine the displacement of the superficial, middle and deep AT layers. SOL stimulation resulted in the highest AT displacement followed by GM and GL stimulation. Independent of the muscle stimulated, non-uniformity within the AT was observed with the deep layer exhibiting more displacement compared to the middle and superficial layers, hence important inter-individual differences in AT displacement were noticeable. By comparing these individual displacement patterns during targeted stimulations with insights from cadaveric twist classifications on each subtendon area, our classification identified 19 subjects with a 'low' twist and 11 subjects with a 'high' twist. These findings enable us to move beyond cadaveric studies and relate the twisted microstructure of the AT in vivo to its dynamic behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":14971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anatomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Anatomy","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14138","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The Achilles tendon (AT) is composed of three distinct subtendons, each arising from one of the three heads of the triceps surae muscles: gastrocnemius medialis (GM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and soleus (SOL). These subtendons exhibit a twisted structure, classified as low (Type I), medium (Type II), and high (Type III) twist, based on cadaveric studies. Nevertheless, the in vivo investigation of AT twist is notably scarce, resulting in a limited understanding of its functional significance. The aim of this study was to give insights into the complex 3D AT structure in vivo. A total of 30 healthy participants underwent individual stimulation of each of the triceps surae muscles at rest with the foot attached to the pedal of an isokinetic dynamometer. Ultrasound images were captured to concomitantly examine the displacement of the superficial, middle and deep AT layers. SOL stimulation resulted in the highest AT displacement followed by GM and GL stimulation. Independent of the muscle stimulated, non-uniformity within the AT was observed with the deep layer exhibiting more displacement compared to the middle and superficial layers, hence important inter-individual differences in AT displacement were noticeable. By comparing these individual displacement patterns during targeted stimulations with insights from cadaveric twist classifications on each subtendon area, our classification identified 19 subjects with a 'low' twist and 11 subjects with a 'high' twist. These findings enable us to move beyond cadaveric studies and relate the twisted microstructure of the AT in vivo to its dynamic behaviour.
跟腱(AT)由三条不同的副腱组成,每条副腱都来自肱三头肌的三个头之一:腓肠肌内侧(GM)、腓肠肌外侧(GL)和比目鱼肌(SOL)。根据尸体研究,这些肌腱呈现扭曲结构,分为低(I 型)、中(II 型)和高(III 型)扭曲。然而,对 AT 扭转的活体研究明显不足,导致对其功能意义的了解有限。本研究旨在深入了解复杂的三维 AT 结构。共有 30 名健康参与者接受了单独的肱三头肌刺激,他们在静止状态下将脚放在等动测力计的踏板上。超声波图像被采集下来,以同时检测肱三头肌浅层、中层和深层的位移。刺激 SOL 导致的 AT 位移最大,其次是刺激 GM 和 GL。与受刺激的肌肉无关,在 AT 内观察到了不均匀性,深层与中层和浅层相比表现出更大的位移,因此 AT 位移的个体间差异非常明显。通过将定向刺激时的这些个体位移模式与尸体对每个肌腱区域的扭转分类进行比较,我们的分类确定了 19 名受试者为 "低 "扭转,11 名受试者为 "高 "扭转。这些发现使我们能够超越尸体研究,将体内肌腱扭转的微观结构与其动态行为联系起来。
期刊介绍:
Journal of Anatomy is an international peer-reviewed journal sponsored by the Anatomical Society. The journal publishes original papers, invited review articles and book reviews. Its main focus is to understand anatomy through an analysis of structure, function, development and evolution. Priority will be given to studies of that clearly articulate their relevance to the anatomical community. Focal areas include: experimental studies, contributions based on molecular and cell biology and on the application of modern imaging techniques and papers with novel methods or synthetic perspective on an anatomical system.
Studies that are essentially descriptive anatomy are appropriate only if they communicate clearly a broader functional or evolutionary significance. You must clearly state the broader implications of your work in the abstract.
We particularly welcome submissions in the following areas:
Cell biology and tissue architecture
Comparative functional morphology
Developmental biology
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary morphology
Functional human anatomy
Integrative vertebrate paleontology
Methodological innovations in anatomical research
Musculoskeletal system
Neuroanatomy and neurodegeneration
Significant advances in anatomical education.