Prevalence and Risk Factors for Swallowing Dysfunction in Patients With Laryngomalacia Treated Medically and Surgically.

Abstract

Objective: To identify the prevalence, pattern, and nature of swallowing dysfunction (SwD) in a consecutive cohort of patients with laryngomalacia (LM), and to determine factors associated with a higher burden of SwD.

Study design: This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients diagnosed with LM by 2 pediatric otolaryngologists between 2013 and 2022 and a minimum of 3-month follow-up.

Setting: Tertiary care pediatric otolaryngology referral center.

Methods: Consecutive cohort of patients less than 3 years old with LM diagnosed on flexible laryngoscopy were reviewed. Patients with incomplete follow-up, lack of swallowing assessment, and genetic conditions or syndromes were excluded. All patients underwent at minimum a systematic clinical swallowing evaluation by a speech-language pathologist specialized in pediatric dysphagia. Patients with concerning clinical exams underwent instrumental swallow evaluation (Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study [VFSS] or Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing [FEES]). The prevalence of abnormalities of clinical swallowing evaluation, instrumental swallow evaluation data, and details of management were collected.

Results: Two hundred and twelve patients met criteria and were included in the final analysis. One hundred and fifteen patients (54%) had an instrumental assessment (VFSS or FEES). Of the instrumental assessments performed, 96 (69%) were abnormal. Of the total patient cohort, 55 (26%) had laryngeal penetration and/or aspiration. One hundred and seventeen (55%) had clinical or instrumental indications for intervention, with 18 (8%) requiring tube feeding. Patients with severe LM and those treated surgically had a statistically significant higher rate of penetration and aspiration.

Conclusion: Patients with LM have a high burden of dysphagia requiring medical intervention. The authors advocate for routine and systematic assessment of all patients with LM for swallowing dysfunction.