Carnitine traffic and human fertility

IF 5.3 2区 医学 Q1 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Biochemical pharmacology Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116565
Tiziano Mazza , Mariafrancesca Scalise , Lara Console , Michele Galluccio , Nicola Giangregorio , Annamaria Tonazzi , Lorena Pochini , Cesare Indiveri
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Abstract

Carnitine is a vital molecule in human metabolism, prominently involved in fatty acid β-oxidation within mitochondria. Predominantly sourced from dietary intake, carnitine also derives from endogenous synthesis. This review delves into the complex network of carnitine transport and distribution, emphasizing its pivotal role in human fertility. Together with its role in fatty acid oxidation, carnitine modulates the acety-CoA/CoA ratio, influencing carbohydrate metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, and gene expression. The intricate regulation of carnitine homeostasis involves a network of membrane transporters, notably OCTN2, which is central in its absorption, reabsorption, and distribution. OCTN2 dysfunction, results in Primary Carnitine Deficiency (PCD), characterized by systemic carnitine depletion and severe clinical manifestations, including fertility issues. In the male reproductive system, carnitine is crucial for sperm maturation and motility. In the female reproductive system, carnitine supports mitochondrial function necessary for oocyte quality, folliculogenesis, and embryonic development. Indeed, deficiencies in carnitine or its transporters have been linked to asthenozoospermia, reduced sperm quality, and suboptimal fertility outcomes in couples. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of carnitine protect spermatozoa from oxidative stress and help in managing conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis, enhancing sperm viability and fertilization potential of oocytes. This review summarizes the key role of membrane transporters in guaranteeing carnitine homeostasis with a special focus on the implications in fertility and possible treatments of infertility and other related disorders.

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肉碱运输与人类生育能力
肉碱是人体新陈代谢中的重要分子,主要参与线粒体内脂肪酸的β-氧化。肉碱的主要来源是膳食摄入,也可通过内源性合成获得。这篇综述深入探讨了肉碱运输和分布的复杂网络,强调了肉碱在人类生育中的关键作用。肉碱除了在脂肪酸氧化中发挥作用外,还能调节乙酰-CoA/CoA 的比例,从而影响碳水化合物代谢、脂质生物合成和基因表达。肉碱平衡的复杂调节涉及膜转运体网络,特别是 OCTN2,它是肉碱吸收、重吸收和分布的核心。OCTN2 功能障碍会导致原发性肉碱缺乏症(PCD),其特征是全身性肉碱耗竭和严重的临床表现,包括生育问题。在男性生殖系统中,肉碱对精子的成熟和活力至关重要。在女性生殖系统中,肉碱支持卵母细胞质量、卵泡生成和胚胎发育所必需的线粒体功能。事实上,肉碱或其转运体的缺乏与无精子症、精子质量下降和夫妇生育结果不理想有关。此外,肉碱的抗氧化特性可保护精子免受氧化应激,有助于控制多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)和子宫内膜异位症等疾病,提高精子活力和卵母细胞的受精潜力。本综述总结了膜转运体在保证肉碱平衡中的关键作用,并特别关注其对生育的影响以及不孕症和其他相关疾病的可能治疗方法。
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来源期刊
Biochemical pharmacology
Biochemical pharmacology 医学-药学
CiteScore
10.30
自引率
1.70%
发文量
420
审稿时长
17 days
期刊介绍: Biochemical Pharmacology publishes original research findings, Commentaries and review articles related to the elucidation of cellular and tissue function(s) at the biochemical and molecular levels, the modification of cellular phenotype(s) by genetic, transcriptional/translational or drug/compound-induced modifications, as well as the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics and drugs, the latter including both small molecules and biologics. The journal''s target audience includes scientists engaged in the identification and study of the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics, biologics and drugs and in the drug discovery and development process. All areas of cellular biology and cellular, tissue/organ and whole animal pharmacology fall within the scope of the journal. Drug classes covered include anti-infectives, anti-inflammatory agents, chemotherapeutics, cardiovascular, endocrinological, immunological, metabolic, neurological and psychiatric drugs, as well as research on drug metabolism and kinetics. While medicinal chemistry is a topic of complimentary interest, manuscripts in this area must contain sufficient biological data to characterize pharmacologically the compounds reported. Submissions describing work focused predominately on chemical synthesis and molecular modeling will not be considered for review. While particular emphasis is placed on reporting the results of molecular and biochemical studies, research involving the use of tissue and animal models of human pathophysiology and toxicology is of interest to the extent that it helps define drug mechanisms of action, safety and efficacy.
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