Prodrug nanotherapy demonstrates in vivo anticryptosporidial efficacy in a mouse model of chronic Cryptosporidium infection†

Abstract

The gastrointestinal disease cryptosporidiosis, caused by the genus Cryptosporidium, is a common cause of diarrheal diseases in children, particularly in developing countries and frequently fatal in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidium hominis (Ch)-specific bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) has been a molecular target for inhibitor design. (Note that this bifunctional enzyme has also been referred to as TS-DHFR in previous literature since the functional biochemical reaction first involves the conversion of methylene tetrahydrofolate to dihydrofolate at the TS site.) While nanomolar inhibitors of Ch DHFR-TS have been identified at the biochemical level, effective delivery of these compounds to achieve anticryptosporidial activity in cell culture and in vivo models of parasite infection remains a major challenge in developing new therapies. Previous studies, using a nanotherapy approach, have shown a promising Ch DHFR-TS inhibitor, 906, that can successfully target Cryptosporidium parasites in cell culture with nanomolar anticryptosporidial activity. This formulation utilized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with 906 (NP-906) and conjugated with a Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody (MAb) on the nanoparticle surface to specifically target the glycoprotein GP25–200 in excysting oocysts. However, a limitation for in vivo use is antibody susceptibility to gastric acidity. To address this gap, a prodrug diethyl ester form of 906 (MAb-NP-Prodrug) was synthesized that allowed higher compound loading in the MAb-coated PLGA nanoparticles. An oral formulation was prepared by loading lyophilized MAb-NP-Prodrug into gelatin capsules with an enteric coating for gastric stability. Proof-of-concept studies with this oral formulation demonstrated antiparasitic activity in a chronic mouse model of Cryptosporidium infection. Efficacy was observed after a low daily dose of 2 × 8 mg kg⁻¹ for 5 days, when examined 6 and 20 days postinfection, offering a new avenue of drug delivery to be further explored.