{"title":"Mechanism and application of immune interventions in intracerebral haemorrhage.","authors":"Xiaoxiao Xu, Yuanwei Li, Shiling Chen, Xuan Wu, Jiarui Li, Gaigai Li, Zhouping Tang","doi":"10.1017/erm.2024.22","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite stroke being one of the major and increasing burdens to global health, therapeutic interventions in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) continue to be a challenge. Existing treatment methods, such as surgery and conservative treatment have shown limited efficacy in improving the prognosis of ICH. However, more and more studies show that exploring the specific process of immune response after ICH and taking corresponding immunotherapy may have a definite significance to improve the prognosis of cerebral haemorrhage. Therefore, immune interventions are currently under consideration as therapeutic interventions in the ICH. In this review, we aim to clarify unique immunological features of stroke, and consider the evidence for immune interventions. In acute ICH, activation of glial cells and cell death products trigger an inflammatory cascade that damages vessels and the parenchyma within minutes to hours of the haemorrhage. Immune interventions that ameliorate brain inflammation, vascular permeability and tissue oedema should be administered promptly to reduce acute immune destruction and avoid subsequent immunosuppression. A deeper understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in ICH is likely to lead to successful immune interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50462,"journal":{"name":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11488334/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2024.22","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Despite stroke being one of the major and increasing burdens to global health, therapeutic interventions in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) continue to be a challenge. Existing treatment methods, such as surgery and conservative treatment have shown limited efficacy in improving the prognosis of ICH. However, more and more studies show that exploring the specific process of immune response after ICH and taking corresponding immunotherapy may have a definite significance to improve the prognosis of cerebral haemorrhage. Therefore, immune interventions are currently under consideration as therapeutic interventions in the ICH. In this review, we aim to clarify unique immunological features of stroke, and consider the evidence for immune interventions. In acute ICH, activation of glial cells and cell death products trigger an inflammatory cascade that damages vessels and the parenchyma within minutes to hours of the haemorrhage. Immune interventions that ameliorate brain inflammation, vascular permeability and tissue oedema should be administered promptly to reduce acute immune destruction and avoid subsequent immunosuppression. A deeper understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in ICH is likely to lead to successful immune interventions.
尽管中风是全球健康的主要负担之一,而且这一负担还在不断增加,但脑出血(ICH)的治疗干预仍是一项挑战。现有的治疗方法,如手术和保守治疗,对改善 ICH 的预后效果有限。然而,越来越多的研究表明,探索 ICH 后免疫反应的特殊过程并采取相应的免疫疗法,对于改善脑出血的预后可能具有一定的意义。因此,目前正在考虑将免疫干预作为 ICH 的治疗干预手段。在本综述中,我们旨在阐明脑卒中独特的免疫学特征,并考虑免疫干预的证据。在急性 ICH 中,神经胶质细胞的激活和细胞死亡产物引发炎症级联反应,在出血后数分钟至数小时内破坏血管和实质。应及时采取能改善脑部炎症、血管通透性和组织水肿的免疫干预措施,以减少急性免疫破坏,避免后续免疫抑制。更深入地了解 ICH 所涉及的免疫机制很可能会成功地进行免疫干预。
期刊介绍:
Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine is an innovative online journal featuring authoritative and timely Reviews covering gene therapy, immunotherapeutics, drug design, vaccines, genetic testing, pathogenesis, microbiology, genomics, molecular epidemiology and diagnostic techniques. We especially welcome reviews on translational aspects of molecular medicine, particularly those related to the application of new understanding of the molecular basis of disease to experimental medicine and clinical practice.