\(\text {CO}_2\)-based methane: an overlooked solution for the energy transition

Abstract

Background

Fossil fuels can be replaced with electricity and hydrogen. However, the implementation and use of these low-carbon energy carriers require a sociotechnical transition. This transition might not be completed in time.

Main text

\(\text {CO}_2\)-based methane is a substitute for natural gas that is less carbon-intensive. This methane is synthesized by capturing \(\text {CO}_2\) from air and by performing water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. \(\text {CO}_2\)-based methane is compatible with our current fossil-based society. An analysis of the substitution of natural gas with different energy carriers will be performed, and the results will be compared. The effects of \(\text {CO}_2\)-based methane, hydrogen, and electricity will be evaluated for energy storage, high-temperature level heat production, and residential heating. The multi-level perspective will be applied to assess these energy carriers in the context of our society.

Conclusions

\(\text {CO}_2\)-based methane is the least energy efficient energy carrier among those analyzed. Nevertheless, this type of methane supports the acceleration of the energy transition.

Highlights

• CO₂-based methane is a valuable, renewable, and carbon-neutral energy carrier that supports a timely energy transition.

• The implementation of hydrogen and electricity requires more modifications to our current sociotechnical society than the implementation of CO₂-based methane.

• The urgency of reducing CO₂ emissions is not being considered adequately in the current societal discussion, and a multi-level perspective analysis should provide valuable results that account for the temporal aspect.