Frailty serves as an adverse predictor for mortality in liver transplant candidates: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Physical frailty increases susceptibility to stressors and has been associated with increased mortality among liver transplant candidates. However, evidence about this population's frailty prevalence and mortality is inconsistent and needs to be clarified. This study aimed to quantitatively synthesize the prevalence of frailty and the role of frailty on mortality in liver transplant candidates.

Methods

All eligible studies published in Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until March 5, 2024, were included. The pooled prevalence and hazard ratio (HR) corresponding to 95 % confidence intervals (CI) in mortality estimates were conducted. The random-effects model was used for the calculations.

Results

A total of 17 studies containing 4509 patients with liver transplant waitlist candidates were included. The prevalence of frailty in liver transplant waitlist candidates was 32 % (95 % CI = 25–38; p < 0.01). In this population, frailty was associated with an increased hazard ratio for mortality (8 studies) (HR = 2.49; 95 % CI = 1.77–3.51; p < 0.01). Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that frailty was associated with a higher mortality in the USA (HR = 4.03; 95 % CI = 1.77–3.51; p < 0.01) compared with the non-USA area (HR = 2.03; 95 % CI = 1.51–2.72; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that frailty is prevalent in patients awaiting liver transplants, which strongly predicts waitlist mortality among this population. These findings highlight the importance of frailty in the decision of transplantation and in designing studies that consider frailty. Reducing the severity or impact of frailty on this population may improve prognosis.