The impact of Ghana’s national health insurance exemption policies on healthcare-seeking behaviour

Abstract

Countries all over the world are seeking to enhance the general well-being of their populations by instituting a prepayment health system in which people can access healthcare at any time without financial risks. In Ghana, the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) seeks to achieve this objective while leaving no one behind. To accelerate the country’s UHC agenda, the scheme was designed to also provide premium exemptions to the poor and vulnerable. While the exemption policy removes financial barriers to both subscription and healthcare, its impact on health-seeking is unknown. This study, therefore, sought to evaluate the impact of the premium exemption policies on healthcare-seeking behaviours. Data from the most recent round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 7) was used. A total sample of 8297 individuals were included in the analysis comprising 5686 rural and 2611 urban dwellers. We used the Lewbel instrumental variable technique to correct potential endogeneity problems. We found that NHIS exemption policies improved both general and formal healthcare-seeking. For general healthcare-seeking, the impact was driven by individuals exempted through under 18 and aged category. However, focusing on formal care, both exemption through under 18 or aged category as well as through indigents or Free Maternal Services category both improved healthcare-seeking. The magnitude of the impact was also greater for categories that were fully exempted and did not require any form of payment to subscribe. The findings call for a policy review to differentially target individuals living in areas with different economic and health system realities.