Energy Dissipation and Toughening of Covalent Networks via a Sacrificial Conformation Approach

Abstract

Covalent polymer networks find wide utility in diverse engineering applications owing to their desirable stiffness and resilience. However, the rigid covalent chemical structure between crosslinking points imposes limitations on enhancing their toughness. Although the incorporation of sacrificial chemical bonds has shown promise in improving toughness through energy dissipation, composite networks struggle to maintain both rapid recovery and stiffness. Consequently, a significant challenge persists in achieving a covalent network that combines high strength, stiffness, toughness, and fast recovery performance. To address this challenge, we propose a novel sacrificial structure termed “sacrificial conformation.” In this approach, β-cyclodextrin is covalently embedded into the network skeleton as the sacrificial conformation element. Compared to traditional covalent networks (LCN), well-designed cyclodextrin-embedded covalent network (CCN) exhibit a 100-fold increase in Young's modulus and a 60-fold increase in toughness. Importantly, CCN maintains excellent elasticity, ensuring swift recovery after deformation. This sacrificial conformational strategy enables efficient energy dissipation without necessitating the rupture of chemical bonds, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches. This advancement holds great promise for the design and fabrication of advanced elastomers and hydrogels with superior mechanical properties and dynamic behavior.