{"title":"Telomere-to-telomere assembly by preserving contained reads","authors":"Sudhanva Shyam Kamath, Mehak Bindra, Debnath Pal, Chirag Jain","doi":"10.1101/gr.279311.124","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Automated telomere-to-telomere (T2T) de novo assembly of diploid and polyploid genomes remains a formidable task. A string graph is a commonly used assembly graph representation in the assembly algorithms. The string graph formulation employs graph simplification heuristics, which drastically reduce the count of vertices and edges. One of these heuristics involves removing the reads contained in longer reads. In practice, this heuristic occasionally introduces gaps in the assembly by removing all reads that cover one or more genome intervals. The factors contributing to such gaps remain poorly understood. In this work, we mathematically derived the frequency of observing a gap near a germline and a somatic heterozygous variant locus. Our analysis shows that (i) an assembly gap due to contained read deletion is an order of magnitude more frequent in Oxford Nanopore reads than PacBio HiFi reads due to differences in their read-length distributions, and (ii) this frequency decreases with an increase in the sequencing depth. Drawing cues from these observations, we addressed the weakness of the string graph formulation by developing the RAFT assembly algorithm. RAFT addresses the issue of contained reads by fragmenting reads and producing a more uniform read-length distribution. The algorithm retains spanned repeats in the reads during the fragmentation. We empirically demonstrate that RAFT significantly reduces the number of gaps using simulated datasets. Using real Oxford Nanopore and PacBio HiFi datasets of the HG002 human genome, we achieved a twofold increase in the contig NG50 and the number of haplotype-resolved T2T contigs compared to Hifiasm.","PeriodicalId":12678,"journal":{"name":"Genome research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Genome research","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.279311.124","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Automated telomere-to-telomere (T2T) de novo assembly of diploid and polyploid genomes remains a formidable task. A string graph is a commonly used assembly graph representation in the assembly algorithms. The string graph formulation employs graph simplification heuristics, which drastically reduce the count of vertices and edges. One of these heuristics involves removing the reads contained in longer reads. In practice, this heuristic occasionally introduces gaps in the assembly by removing all reads that cover one or more genome intervals. The factors contributing to such gaps remain poorly understood. In this work, we mathematically derived the frequency of observing a gap near a germline and a somatic heterozygous variant locus. Our analysis shows that (i) an assembly gap due to contained read deletion is an order of magnitude more frequent in Oxford Nanopore reads than PacBio HiFi reads due to differences in their read-length distributions, and (ii) this frequency decreases with an increase in the sequencing depth. Drawing cues from these observations, we addressed the weakness of the string graph formulation by developing the RAFT assembly algorithm. RAFT addresses the issue of contained reads by fragmenting reads and producing a more uniform read-length distribution. The algorithm retains spanned repeats in the reads during the fragmentation. We empirically demonstrate that RAFT significantly reduces the number of gaps using simulated datasets. Using real Oxford Nanopore and PacBio HiFi datasets of the HG002 human genome, we achieved a twofold increase in the contig NG50 and the number of haplotype-resolved T2T contigs compared to Hifiasm.
期刊介绍:
Launched in 1995, Genome Research is an international, continuously published, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on research that provides novel insights into the genome biology of all organisms, including advances in genomic medicine.
Among the topics considered by the journal are genome structure and function, comparative genomics, molecular evolution, genome-scale quantitative and population genetics, proteomics, epigenomics, and systems biology. The journal also features exciting gene discoveries and reports of cutting-edge computational biology and high-throughput methodologies.
New data in these areas are published as research papers, or methods and resource reports that provide novel information on technologies or tools that will be of interest to a broad readership. Complete data sets are presented electronically on the journal''s web site where appropriate. The journal also provides Reviews, Perspectives, and Insight/Outlook articles, which present commentary on the latest advances published both here and elsewhere, placing such progress in its broader biological context.