Computational multiphase mixture simulations of a two-phase R-744 ejector geometry in transcritical R-744 heat pump applications

Abstract

Purpose

Two-phase R-744 ejectors are critical components enabling energy recovery in R-744 heat pump and refrigeration systems, but despite their simple geometry, the flow physics involve complex multiphase mixing phenomena that need to be well-quantified for component and overall system improvement. This study aims to report on multiphase mixture simulations for a specific two-phase R-744 ejector with supercritical inlet conditions at the motive inlet side.

Design/methodology/approach

Four different operating conditions, which have motive inlet pressure range of 90.1 bar–101.1 bar, are selected from an existing experimental data set. A two-phase thermodynamic equilibrium (TPTE) model is used, where the fluid properties are described by a thermodynamic look-up table.

Findings

The results show that the TPTE model overpredicts mass flow rates at the motive inlet, resulting in a relative error ranging from 15.6% to 21.7%. For the mass flow rate at the suction inlet, the relative errors are found less than 1.5% for three cases, while the last case has an error of 12.4%. The maximum deviation of the mass entrainment ratio is found to be 8.0% between the TPTE model and the experimental data. Ejector efficiency ranges from 25.4% to 28.0%. A higher pressure difference between the ejector outlet and the diverging nozzle exit provides greater pressure lift.

Research limitations/implications

Based on the results, near future efforts will be to optimize estimation errors while enabling more detailed field analysis of pressure, density, temperature and enthalpy in the computational domain.

Originality/value

The authors have two main original contributions: 1) the presented thermodynamic look-up table is unique and provides unique computation for the real-scale ejector domain. It was created by the authors and has not been applied before as far as we know. 2) To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first study that applies the STAR-CCM+ multiphase mixture model for R-744 mixture phenomena in heat pumps and refrigeration systems.