COVID-19 vaccination in patients with classic and variant hairy cell leukemia

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Abstract

Patients with the B-cell malignancy hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and the poorer-prognosis variant HCLv often receive anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which kill normal B cells, impairing humoral immunity. We measured COVID-19 antibodies after doses of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with HCL (n = 415) and HCLv (n = 32). After the second COVID-19 vaccine dose, spike antibody level most strongly correlated with normal B-cell levels (r = 0.365, P < .0001), followed by CD4+ T-cell count (r = 0.244, P = .0002), and was less related to immunoglobulin G level (r = 0.101, P = .14). Spike antibody also correlated with normal B cells after the third to fifth vaccine doses and with CD4+ count after the third dose. Normal B-cells were undetectable in 87% of patients within 6 months after the last dose of anti-CD20 mAb and were lower than in patients at 6 to 12 months (P = .0003), which, in turn, were lower than at 12 to 18 months (P = .0002). Infection with COVID-19 became more common after use of the third vaccine dose; spike antibody levels were higher in patients with prior infection (positive vs negative nucleocapsid antibodies; P < .0001). Spike antibodies decreased faster after ibrutinib or anti-CD20 mAb. We conclude that decreased levels of normal B cells in patients with HCL/HCLv, due to disease and/or anti-CD20 therapy, are associated with lower COVID-19 vaccination efficiency and such patients may not respond well to vaccines. The associated studies were registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT01087333 (HCL/HCLv) and #NCT04362865 (COVID-19).
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为典型和变异毛细胞白血病患者接种 COVID-19 疫苗
摘要B细胞恶性肿瘤毛细胞白血病(HCL)和预后较差的变异型HCLv患者经常接受抗CD20单克隆抗体(mAbs)治疗,这种抗体会杀死正常B细胞,损害体液免疫。我们在HCL(415人)和HCLv(32人)患者注射COVID-19疫苗后测量了COVID-19抗体。第二剂 COVID-19 疫苗接种后,尖峰抗体水平与正常 B 细胞水平的相关性最强(r = 0.365,P < .0001),其次是 CD4+ T 细胞计数(r = 0.244,P = .0002),与免疫球蛋白 G 水平的相关性较小(r = 0.101,P = .14)。尖峰抗体还与第三至第五剂疫苗接种后的正常 B 细胞以及第三剂疫苗接种后的 CD4+ 细胞计数相关。87%的患者在最后一剂抗CD20 mAb后6个月内检测不到正常B细胞,低于6至12个月时的水平(P = .0003),而后者又低于12至18个月时的水平(P = .0002)。使用第三剂疫苗后,COVID-19 感染变得更加常见;之前感染过的患者的尖峰抗体水平更高(核头抗体阳性与阴性;P < .0001)。使用伊布替尼或抗 CD20 mAb 后,尖峰抗体下降更快。我们的结论是,由于疾病和/或抗CD20治疗,HCL/HCLv患者正常B细胞水平下降与COVID-19疫苗接种效率降低有关,这类患者可能对疫苗反应不佳。相关研究已在 www.ClinicalTrials.gov 注册,注册号为 #NCT01087333(HCL/HCLv)和 #NCT04362865(COVID-19)。
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