Predicting the Risk of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Insulin-Treated Diabetes: Is It Time for a Pregnancy-Specific Glycemic Risk Index (GRI)?

Abstract

Background: The Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) describes the quality of glycemic control, emphasizing extreme hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia more than less extreme values. However, a pregnancy-specific GRI (pGRI), tailored to the tighter target glucose range required during pregnancy, has not been established.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated clinical, metabolic, and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) data across pregnancy in women with insulin-treated diabetes, managed between September 2021 and March 2024 at the University Hospital of Pisa. First and second levels of hyperglycemia (TAR1: 140-180 mg/dL, TAR2: >180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (TBR1: 63-54 mg/dL, TBR2: <54 mg/dL) were used to calculate the pGRI at each trimester. Logistic regression analysis investigated the association between pGRI and risk of at least one adverse neonatal outcome (among preterm delivery, macrosomia, large for gestational age, small for gestational age, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal jaundice, and neonatal intensive care unit admission).

Results: Of 45 pregnant women, 25 (56%) experienced at least one adverse neonatal outcome. In the third trimester, women with adverse outcomes had significantly higher total TAR (26 [12-32]% vs 10 [4-23]%, P = .018) and lower TIR (71 [64-83]% vs 88 [75-92]%, P = .007). Specifically, the difference was notable in TAR2 (6 [2-15]% vs 1 [0-4]%, P = .004), whereas TAR1 was comparable between the 2 groups. Accordingly, third trimester pGRI was higher in women with adverse neonatal outcomes (38 [18-49]% vs 18 [10-31]%, P = .013) and, at logistic regression, slightly but significantly increased the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes (1.044 [1.004-1.086], P = .024).

Conclusions: Pregnant women with insulin-treated diabetes reporting adverse neonatal outcomes spent more time in hyperglycemia, particularly in extreme hyperglycemia. Therefore, the level of hyperglycemia should always be assessed during pregnancy. The pGRI, emphasizing extreme hyperglycemia, may be a novel comprehensive tool for assessing the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes.