{"title":"Hypothalamic and Pituitary Physiology in Birds and Reptiles.","authors":"Anthony J Cerreta, Michael S McEntire","doi":"10.1016/j.cvex.2024.07.008","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Across all vertebrates, the anatomy of the hypothalamus and mechanisms underlying its development are highly conserved, whereas the pituitary is highly specialized structurally with considerable differences amongst classes. In birds and reptiles, the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through nerve impulses and the secretion of neurohormones, resulting in several hypothalamic-pituitary axes: the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This article provides a foundational knowledge on the physiologic function of the hypothalamus and pituitary in birds and reptiles, and their effects on behavior, homeostasis, and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":39240,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America - Exotic Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":"51-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Veterinary Clinics of North America - Exotic Animal Practice","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2024.07.008","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/10/15 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"Veterinary","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Across all vertebrates, the anatomy of the hypothalamus and mechanisms underlying its development are highly conserved, whereas the pituitary is highly specialized structurally with considerable differences amongst classes. In birds and reptiles, the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through nerve impulses and the secretion of neurohormones, resulting in several hypothalamic-pituitary axes: the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This article provides a foundational knowledge on the physiologic function of the hypothalamus and pituitary in birds and reptiles, and their effects on behavior, homeostasis, and disease.
期刊介绍：
Comprehensive, state-of-the-art reviews by experts in the field provide current, practical information on the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting exotic animals. Each issue of Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice focuses on a single topic relevant to your veterinary medicine practice, from diagnosis through medical management and surgical interventions. Topics include wound healing, oncology, internal medicine, fungal diseases, infectious diseases, pain management, dermatology, behavior, surgery, respiratory medicine, and pharmacology.
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