Both probability and rate of reinforcement can affect the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned responses.

IF 1.2 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI:10.1037/xan0000386
Jorge Mallea, Atara Schulhof, Charles R Gallistel, Peter D Balsam
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Abstract

In Pavlovian conditioning, the strength of a conditioned response is a function of the probability of reinforcement. However, manipulations of probability are often confounded with changes in the rate of reinforcement. Two between-group experiments in mice evaluated the effect of the probability of reinforcement, while controlling the rate of reinforcement, on appetitive conditioning and extinction. Experiment 1 equated the reinforcement rate by manipulating the number of reinforcements received in each reinforced trial in a critical group (one vs. two consecutive rewards). The results of this experiment showed that probability influenced the rate of responses in acquisition, even when controlling the reinforcement rate. Experiment 2 further assessed the role of probability on behavior while controlling the rate of reinforcement during the conditioned stimulus (CS) using a split-trial design, in which the total CS time was held constant but presented in different numbers of discrete trials (e.g., 50% reinforcement with two 12 s CS's vs. 100% reinforcement with a 24 s average CS duration). This experiment confirmed that probability influenced response rates, and both the probability and rate of reinforcement affected the proportion of trials with responses. Together, these results suggest that the probability of reinforcement, while having little effect on the speed at which responses emerged, affects responding even when the rate of reinforcement is held constant. The results challenge formal learning theories to account for the effects of both the probability and rate of reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

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强化的概率和速度都会影响条件反射的获得和维持。
在巴甫洛夫条件反射中,条件反应的强度是强化概率的函数。然而,对概率的操作往往与强化率的变化相混淆。两项小鼠组间实验在控制强化率的同时,评估了强化概率对食欲条件反射和消退的影响。实验 1 通过操纵临界组(一次奖励与两次连续奖励)每次强化试验中获得的强化次数来等同强化率。实验结果表明,即使在控制强化率的情况下,概率也会影响习得反应的速度。实验 2 进一步评估了概率在控制条件刺激(CS)强化率时对行为的作用,该实验采用了分割试验设计,即条件刺激的总时间保持不变,但以不同的离散试验次数呈现(例如,两次 12 秒 CS 的 50% 强化与平均 24 秒 CS 的 100% 强化)。该实验证实,概率会影响反应率,而强化概率和强化率都会影响有反应的试验比例。这些结果共同表明,强化概率虽然对反应出现的速度影响不大,但即使在强化率保持不变的情况下也会影响反应。这些结果对正式的学习理论提出了挑战,因为学习理论需要解释强化概率和强化率的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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来源期刊
Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition
Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition Psychology-Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
CiteScore
2.90
自引率
23.10%
发文量
39
期刊介绍: The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition publishes experimental and theoretical studies concerning all aspects of animal behavior processes.
期刊最新文献
Impact of equivalence class training on same/different learning by pigeons. Test performance in optional shift and configural acquired equivalence are positively correlated. Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction. Both probability and rate of reinforcement can affect the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned responses. Dual-system free-operant avoidance: Extension of a theory.
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