Delving the depths of ‘terra incognita’ in the human intestine — the small intestinal microbiota

IF 45.9 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI:10.1038/s41575-024-01000-4
Bahtiyar Yilmaz, Andrew J. Macpherson
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Abstract

The small intestinal microbiota has a crucial role in gastrointestinal health, affecting digestion, immune function, bile acid homeostasis and nutrient metabolism. The challenges of accessibility at this site mean that our knowledge of the small intestinal microbiota is less developed than of the colonic or faecal microbiota. Here, we summarize the features and fluctuations of the microbiota along the small intestinal tract, focusing on humans, and discuss physicochemical factors and assessment methods, including the technical challenges of investigating the low microbial biomass of the proximal small bowel. We highlight the essential protective mechanisms of the small intestine, including motility, the paracellular barrier and mucus, and secretory immunity, to show their roles in limiting excessive exposure of host tissues to microbial metabolites. We address current knowledge gaps, particularly the variability among individuals, the effects of dysbiosis of the small intestinal microbiota on health and how different taxa in small intestinal microbiota could compensate for each other functionally.

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探索人类肠道 "未知领域 "的深处--小肠微生物群
小肠微生物群对胃肠道健康起着至关重要的作用,影响消化、免疫功能、胆汁酸平衡和营养代谢。与结肠或粪便微生物群相比,我们对小肠微生物群的了解还不够深入。在此,我们以人类为重点,总结了小肠微生物群的特征和波动,并讨论了理化因素和评估方法,包括调查小肠近端微生物生物量低的技术挑战。我们强调了小肠的基本保护机制,包括运动、细胞旁屏障和粘液以及分泌性免疫,以显示它们在限制宿主组织过度暴露于微生物代谢物方面的作用。我们探讨了目前的知识空白,特别是个体之间的差异、小肠微生物群失调对健康的影响以及小肠微生物群中不同类群如何在功能上相互补偿。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
52.30
自引率
0.60%
发文量
147
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology aims to serve as the leading resource for Reviews and commentaries within the scientific and medical communities it caters to. The journal strives to maintain authority, accessibility, and clarity in its published articles, which are complemented by easily understandable figures, tables, and other display items. Dedicated to providing exceptional service to authors, referees, and readers, the editorial team works diligently to maximize the usefulness and impact of each publication. The journal encompasses a wide range of content types, including Research Highlights, News & Views, Comments, Reviews, Perspectives, and Consensus Statements, all pertinent to gastroenterologists and hepatologists. With its broad scope, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology ensures that its articles reach a diverse audience, aiming for the widest possible dissemination of valuable information. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology is part of the Nature Reviews portfolio of journals.
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