Relationship of Plasma Apolipoprotein C-I Truncation With Risk of Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Actos Now for the Prevention of Diabetes Study

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Higher truncated-to-native apolipoprotein (apo) C-I proteoform ratios (C-I′/C-I) are associated with favorable cardiometabolic risk profiles, but their relationship with longitudinal changes in insulin resistance (IR) and incident diabetes is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma apoC-I proteoforms were measured by mass spectrometry immunoassay at baseline in 4,742 nondiabetic participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and 524 participants with prediabetes in the Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) study. The primary outcome was incident diabetes (fasting glucose [FG] ≥7.0 mmol/L or hypoglycemic medication use in MESA; FG ≥7.0 mmol/L or 2-h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L in an oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] in ACT NOW). Secondary outcomes were changes in FG and HOMA-IR in MESA, and OGTT-glucose area under the curve (AUCglucose) and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in ACT NOW. RESULTS In MESA, a higher C-I′/C-I was associated with lower risk of diabetes (n = 564 events; HR 0.87 [95% CI 0.79, 0.95] per SD; P = 0.0036; median follow-up, 9 years), and smaller increases (follow-up adjusted for baseline) in FG (−0.5%; P < 0.0001) and HOMA-IR (−2.9%; P = 0.011) after adjusting for baseline clinical and demographic covariates, including plasma triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. Total apoC-I concentrations were not associated with changes in FG, HOMA-IR, or incident diabetes. In ACT NOW, higher C-I′/C-I was associated with smaller increases in AUCglucose (−1.8%; P = 0.0052), greater increases in ISI (7.2%; P = 0.0095), and lower risk of diabetes (n = 59 events; 0.66 [95% CI 0.48, 0.91]; P = 0.004; median follow-up, 2.5 years) after adjusting for treatment group and diabetes risk factors, including plasma lipids. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that apoC-I truncation may contribute to changes in glucose levels, IR, and risk of diabetes.