tRNA and tsRNA: From Heterogeneity to Multifaceted Regulators.

IF 4.8 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Biomolecules Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI:10.3390/biom14101340
Yun Li, Zongyu Yu, Wenlin Jiang, Xinyi Lyu, Ailian Guo, Xiaorui Sun, Yiting Yang, Yunfang Zhang
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Abstract

As the most ancient RNA, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a more complex role than their constitutive function as amino acid transporters in the protein synthesis process. The transcription and maturation of tRNA in cells are subject to stringent regulation, resulting in the formation of tissue- and cell-specific tRNA pools with variations in tRNA overall abundance, composition, modification, and charging levels. The heterogeneity of tRNA pools contributes to facilitating the formation of histocyte-specific protein expression patterns and is involved in diverse biological processes. Moreover, tRNAs can be recognized by various RNase under physiological and pathological conditions to generate tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and serve as small regulatory RNAs in various biological processes. Here, we summarize these recent insights into the heterogeneity of tRNA and highlight the advances in the regulation of tRNA function and tsRNA biogenesis by tRNA modifications. We synthesize diverse mechanisms of tRNA and tsRNA in embryonic development, cell fate determination, and epigenetic inheritance regulation. We also discuss the potential clinical applications based on the new knowledge of tRNA and tsRNA as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies for multiple diseases.

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tRNA 和 tsRNA:从异质性到多面性调控因子
作为最古老的 RNA,转移 RNA(tRNA)在蛋白质合成过程中发挥着比氨基酸转运体更复杂的作用。细胞中 tRNA 的转录和成熟受到严格的调控,从而形成了组织和细胞特异性的 tRNA 池,tRNA 的总体丰度、组成、修饰和充电水平各不相同。tRNA 池的异质性有助于形成组织细胞特异性蛋白质表达模式,并参与多种生物过程。此外,在生理和病理条件下,tRNA 可被各种 RNase 识别,生成 tRNA 衍生的小 RNA(tsRNA),并在各种生物过程中充当小调控 RNA。在此,我们总结了最近对 tRNA 异质性的认识,并重点介绍了通过 tRNA 修饰调控 tRNA 功能和 tsRNA 生物生成的进展。我们综述了 tRNA 和 tsRNA 在胚胎发育、细胞命运决定和表观遗传调控中的各种机制。我们还讨论了基于对 tRNA 和 tsRNA 的新认识,将其作为诊断和预后生物标志物以及多种疾病的新治疗策略的潜在临床应用。
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来源期刊
Biomolecules
Biomolecules Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Molecular Biology
CiteScore
9.40
自引率
3.60%
发文量
1640
审稿时长
18.28 days
期刊介绍: Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal focusing on biogenic substances and their biological functions, structures, interactions with other molecules, and their microenvironment as well as biological systems. Biomolecules publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications.  Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.
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