Auditory stimuli suppress contextual fear responses in safety learning independent of a possible safety meaning.

IF 2.6 3区 医学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Pub Date : 2024-10-10 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1415047
Elena Mombelli, Denys Osypenko, Shriya Palchaudhuri, Christos Sourmpis, Johanni Brea, Olexiy Kochubey, Ralf Schneggenburger
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Abstract

Safety learning allows the identification of non-threatening situations, a learning process instrumental for survival and psychic health. In contrast to fear learning, in which a sensory cue (conditioned stimulus, CS) is temporally linked to a mildly aversive stimulus (US), safety learning is studied by presenting the CS and US in an explicitly unpaired fashion. This leads to conditioned inhibition of fear responses, in which sensory cues can acquire a safety meaning (CS-). In one variant of safety learning, an auditory CS- was shown to reduce contextual fear responses during recall, as measured by freezing of mice. Here, we performed control experiments to test whether auditory stimuli might interfere with freezing by mechanisms other than safety learning, a phenomenon also called external inhibition. Surprisingly, when auditory stimulation was omitted during training (US-only controls), such stimuli still significantly suppressed contextual freezing during recall, indistinguishable from the reduction of freezing after regular safety training. The degree of this external inhibition was positively correlated with the levels of contextual freezing preceding the auditory stimulation. Correspondingly, in fear learning protocols which employ a new context during recall and therefore induce lower contextual freezing, auditory stimuli did not induce significant external inhibition. These experiments show that in safety learning protocols that employ contextual freezing, the freezing reduction caused by auditory stimuli during recall is dominated by external inhibition, rather than by learned safety. Thus, in safety learning experiments extensive controls should be performed to rule out possible intrinsic effects of sensory cues on freezing behavior.

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听觉刺激会抑制安全学习中的情境恐惧反应,而与可能的安全含义无关。
安全学习可以识别没有威胁的环境,这一学习过程对生存和心理健康至关重要。在恐惧学习中,感觉线索(条件刺激,CS)与轻度厌恶刺激(US)在时间上是联系在一起的,而安全学习则与恐惧学习不同,它是通过以明确的非配对方式呈现 CS 和 US 来进行研究的。这将导致恐惧反应的条件性抑制,其中感觉线索可获得安全含义(CS-)。在安全学习的一种变体中,听觉 CS- 被证明能减少回忆过程中的情境恐惧反应,这是由小鼠的冻结来衡量的。在这里,我们进行了对照实验,以检验听觉刺激是否会通过安全学习以外的机制干扰冻结,这种现象也称为外部抑制。令人惊讶的是,当在训练过程中省略听觉刺激时(纯美国对照组),这种刺激仍能显著抑制回忆过程中的情境冻结,与常规安全训练后冻结减少的情况无异。这种外部抑制的程度与听觉刺激之前的情境冻结水平呈正相关。相应地,在恐惧学习方案中,由于在回忆过程中采用了新的情境,因此会诱发较低的情境冻结,而听觉刺激则不会诱发明显的外部抑制。这些实验表明,在采用情境冻结的安全学习方案中,回忆时听觉刺激引起的冻结减少主要是由外部抑制引起的,而不是由学习到的安全引起的。因此,在安全学习实验中应进行广泛的控制,以排除感觉线索对冻结行为可能产生的内在影响。
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来源期刊
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES-NEUROSCIENCES
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
3.30%
发文量
506
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience is a leading journal in its field, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research that advances our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Field Chief Editor Nuno Sousa at the Instituto de Pesquisa em Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (ICVS) is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international experts. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide. This journal publishes major insights into the neural mechanisms of animal and human behavior, and welcomes articles studying the interplay between behavior and its neurobiological basis at all levels: from molecular biology and genetics, to morphological, biochemical, neurochemical, electrophysiological, neuroendocrine, pharmacological, and neuroimaging studies.
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