{"title":"State of the Field: Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses in <i>C. neoformans</i> and <i>C. deneoformans</i> Infection.","authors":"Elizabeth C Okafor, Kirsten Nielsen","doi":"10.3390/jof10100712","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> is an environmental pathogen that causes life-threatening disease in immunocompromised persons. The majority of immunological studies have centered on CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell dysfunction and associated cytokine signaling pathways, optimization of phagocytic cell function against fungal cells, and identification of robust antigens for vaccine development. However, a growing body of literature exists regarding cytotoxic cells, specifically CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells, Natural Killer cells, gamma/delta T-cells, NK T-cells, and Cytotoxic CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells, and their role in the innate and adaptive immune response during <i>C. neoformans</i> and <i>C. deneoformans</i> infection. In this review, we (1) provide a comprehensive report of data gathered from mouse and human studies on cytotoxic cell function and phenotype, (2) discuss harmonious and conflicting results on cellular responses in mice models and human infection, (3) identify gaps of knowledge in the field ripe for exploration, and (4) highlight how innovative immunological tools could enhance the study of cytotoxic cells and their potential immunomodulation during cryptococcosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15878,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fungi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11508571/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Fungi","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100712","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental pathogen that causes life-threatening disease in immunocompromised persons. The majority of immunological studies have centered on CD4+ T-cell dysfunction and associated cytokine signaling pathways, optimization of phagocytic cell function against fungal cells, and identification of robust antigens for vaccine development. However, a growing body of literature exists regarding cytotoxic cells, specifically CD8+ T-cells, Natural Killer cells, gamma/delta T-cells, NK T-cells, and Cytotoxic CD4+ T-cells, and their role in the innate and adaptive immune response during C. neoformans and C. deneoformans infection. In this review, we (1) provide a comprehensive report of data gathered from mouse and human studies on cytotoxic cell function and phenotype, (2) discuss harmonious and conflicting results on cellular responses in mice models and human infection, (3) identify gaps of knowledge in the field ripe for exploration, and (4) highlight how innovative immunological tools could enhance the study of cytotoxic cells and their potential immunomodulation during cryptococcosis.
新型隐球菌是一种环境病原体,会导致免疫力低下者患上危及生命的疾病。大多数免疫学研究都集中在 CD4+ T 细胞功能障碍和相关的细胞因子信号通路、优化吞噬细胞对真菌细胞的功能以及确定用于疫苗开发的强抗原等方面。然而,关于细胞毒性细胞,特别是 CD8+ T 细胞、自然杀伤细胞、γ/δ T 细胞、NK T 细胞和细胞毒性 CD4+ T 细胞,以及它们在 C. neoformans 和 C. deneoformans 感染期间先天性和适应性免疫反应中的作用的文献越来越多。在这篇综述中,我们(1)全面报告了从小鼠和人类研究中收集到的细胞毒性细胞功能和表型数据,(2)讨论了小鼠模型和人类感染中细胞反应的和谐与冲突结果,(3)确定了该领域中有待探索的知识空白,(4)强调了创新免疫学工具如何能加强对细胞毒性细胞及其在隐球菌病期间的潜在免疫调节作用的研究。
期刊介绍:
Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X) is an international, peer-reviewed scientific open access journal that provides an advanced forum for studies related to pathogenic fungi, fungal biology, and all other aspects of fungal research. The journal publishes reviews, regular research papers, and communications in quarterly issues. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on paper length. Full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced.