María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Eber Eduardo Soto-Hernández, Rocío Bojórquez-Pérez
{"title":"Coinfection of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> and Other Microorganisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Eber Eduardo Soto-Hernández, Rocío Bojórquez-Pérez","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12102106","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the intracellular protozoan <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, which has infected a third of the global population. Immunocompromised individuals and children with congenital disorders are most likely to be impacted by toxoplasmosis, and accurate diagnosis is essential. Toxoplasmosis is associated with HIV, schizophrenia, and diabetes. However, few studies have analyzed the association with other microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> with other pathogens. From November 1997 to June 2024, PubMed, Science Direct, LAT index, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Research Gate were searched. The keywords used were \"<i>Toxoplasma</i> and microorganism coinfection\", \"<i>Toxoplasma</i> coinfection and parasites\", \"<i>Toxoplasma</i> coinfection and Protozoans or Bacteria or Helminths or Nematodes or Trematodes or Mycobacterium\", \"<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in coinfection with virus\", and \"Human Toxoplasmosis and coinfection\". Next, OpenMeta Analyst Software version 12.11 was used for meta-analysis, creating forest plots, and determining heterogeneity I<sup>2</sup>. A total of 17,535 patients in 48 articles, of whom 5848 were seropositive to <i>T. gondii</i>, were included in this review. Population studies showed that the prevalence of virus infection was most frequent (32%), followed by parasites (18.4%), bacteria (29.7%), and fungi (5.8%). The pooled prevalence of coinfection was found to be 29.1%, with a lower bound of 0.232, an upper bound of 0.350, a standard error of 0.030, and <i>p</i> < 0.001. Heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>) was 99.12%, <i>p</i> < 0.001, with a global variance tau2 = 0.042. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is an opportunist that mainly affects immunocompromised populations. The main coinfections were found to be viral infections, with HIV ranking first, followed by cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C, rubella, herpes simplex 1 and 2, SARS-CoV-2, and coxsackie virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510090/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Microorganisms","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102106","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, which has infected a third of the global population. Immunocompromised individuals and children with congenital disorders are most likely to be impacted by toxoplasmosis, and accurate diagnosis is essential. Toxoplasmosis is associated with HIV, schizophrenia, and diabetes. However, few studies have analyzed the association with other microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection of Toxoplasma gondii with other pathogens. From November 1997 to June 2024, PubMed, Science Direct, LAT index, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Research Gate were searched. The keywords used were "Toxoplasma and microorganism coinfection", "Toxoplasma coinfection and parasites", "Toxoplasma coinfection and Protozoans or Bacteria or Helminths or Nematodes or Trematodes or Mycobacterium", "Toxoplasma gondii in coinfection with virus", and "Human Toxoplasmosis and coinfection". Next, OpenMeta Analyst Software version 12.11 was used for meta-analysis, creating forest plots, and determining heterogeneity I2. A total of 17,535 patients in 48 articles, of whom 5848 were seropositive to T. gondii, were included in this review. Population studies showed that the prevalence of virus infection was most frequent (32%), followed by parasites (18.4%), bacteria (29.7%), and fungi (5.8%). The pooled prevalence of coinfection was found to be 29.1%, with a lower bound of 0.232, an upper bound of 0.350, a standard error of 0.030, and p < 0.001. Heterogeneity (I2) was 99.12%, p < 0.001, with a global variance tau2 = 0.042. Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunist that mainly affects immunocompromised populations. The main coinfections were found to be viral infections, with HIV ranking first, followed by cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C, rubella, herpes simplex 1 and 2, SARS-CoV-2, and coxsackie virus.
期刊介绍:
Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, viruses and prions. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files and software regarding the full details of the calculation or experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary electronic material.