Safety and Efficacy of Ketorolac After Craniotomy for Tumor Resection.

Abstract

Objective: Postoperative pain is the most common undesirable outcome after neurosurgery. Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which is administered parenterally and carries a theoretical increased risk of bleeding. Our study aims to determine whether ketorolac after craniotomy for tumor resection significantly changes the rate of postoperative adverse events, adequately controls pain, and decreases concurrent narcotic usage.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who underwent craniotomy for brain tumor resection from 2013 to 2022. Analysis of patients who received ketorolac and those who did not in the post-operative period were compared for adverse events associated with ketorolac use. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported pain scores and postoperative opioid usage.

Results: 1,114 patients were included, of which 70 received ketorolac in the postoperative period. Patients who received ketorolac often received it after narcotics failed to provide adequate pain control. Patients receiving ketorolac were younger (p=0.001) and had a lower comorbidity index (p=0.041) compared to the non-ketorolac group. Patients receiving ketorolac did not experience a significantly increased rate of bleeding events (p=0.850). Patients recieving ketorolac had significantly higher baseline levels of pain (p=0.018) and opioid usage (p=0.047). When matched for chronic comorbidities including pain disorders, the ketorolac group only displayed higher levels of pain early in the postoperative course (POD 0-1) but not in latter part of the initial postoperative period.

Conclusions: Ketorolac is a safe and effective option for pain control after craniotomy for tumor resection. Prospective data is needed to better validate these retrospective observations.