{"title":"One Hundred Years of Progress and Pitfalls: Maximising Heterosis through Increasing Multi-Locus Nuclear Heterozygosity.","authors":"Brendan F Hallahan","doi":"10.3390/biology13100817","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The improvement in quantitative traits (e.g., yield, size) in F<sub>1</sub> offspring over parent lines is described as hybrid vigour, or heterosis. There exists a fascinating relationship between parental genetic distance and genome dosage (polyploidy), and heterosis effects. The contribution of nuclear heterozygosity to heterosis is not uniform across diploid and polyploid crops, even within same species, thus demonstrating that polyploid crops should be part of any discussion on the mechanisms of heterosis. This review examines the records of correlating heterosis with parental genetic distance and the influence of adding supplementary genomes in wide crosses. Increasing nuclear heterozygosity through parental genetic distance has been shown to be an imperfect predictor for heterosis in a variety of commercial crops such as maize, rice, and pepper. However, increasing the ploidy level raises the maximum number of alleles that can be harboured at any one locus, and studies on crops such as oilseed rape, potato, alfalfa, maize, and rice have demonstrated that heterosis may be maximised upon increasing multi-locus nuclear heterozygosity. The novel heterotic phenotypes observed above the diploid level will contribute to our understanding on the mechanisms of heterosis and aid plant breeders in achieving the righteous goal of producing more food with fewer inputs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"13 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11504056/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biology-Basel","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13100817","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The improvement in quantitative traits (e.g., yield, size) in F1 offspring over parent lines is described as hybrid vigour, or heterosis. There exists a fascinating relationship between parental genetic distance and genome dosage (polyploidy), and heterosis effects. The contribution of nuclear heterozygosity to heterosis is not uniform across diploid and polyploid crops, even within same species, thus demonstrating that polyploid crops should be part of any discussion on the mechanisms of heterosis. This review examines the records of correlating heterosis with parental genetic distance and the influence of adding supplementary genomes in wide crosses. Increasing nuclear heterozygosity through parental genetic distance has been shown to be an imperfect predictor for heterosis in a variety of commercial crops such as maize, rice, and pepper. However, increasing the ploidy level raises the maximum number of alleles that can be harboured at any one locus, and studies on crops such as oilseed rape, potato, alfalfa, maize, and rice have demonstrated that heterosis may be maximised upon increasing multi-locus nuclear heterozygosity. The novel heterotic phenotypes observed above the diploid level will contribute to our understanding on the mechanisms of heterosis and aid plant breeders in achieving the righteous goal of producing more food with fewer inputs.
F1 后代比亲本品系在数量性状(如产量、大小)上的提高被称为杂交活力或异交。亲本遗传距离和基因组剂量(多倍体)与异交效应之间存在着奇妙的关系。二倍体作物和多倍体作物的核杂合子对杂交的贡献并不一致,即使在同一物种中也是如此,这表明多倍体作物应成为杂交机制讨论的一部分。本综述探讨了杂合性与亲本遗传距离的相关记录,以及在宽幅杂交中添加补充基因组的影响。在玉米、水稻和辣椒等多种经济作物中,通过亲本遗传距离提高核杂合度并不能完全预测异质性。对油菜、马铃薯、紫花苜蓿、玉米和水稻等作物的研究表明,提高多焦点核杂合度可最大限度地提高异质性。在二倍体水平以上观察到的新异源表型将有助于我们了解异源作用的机制,并帮助植物育种者实现以更少的投入生产更多粮食的正确目标。
期刊介绍:
Biology (ISSN 2079-7737) is an international, peer-reviewed, quick-refereeing open access journal of Biological Science published by MDPI online. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications in all areas of biology and at the interface of related disciplines. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files regarding the full details of the experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.