Nucleic acid-binding bis-acridine orange dyes with improved properties for bioimaging and PCR applications†

Abstract

Understanding the intricate interactions of molecular dyes with nucleic acids is pivotal for advancing medical and biochemical applications. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the interplay between a novel series of bis-acridine orange (BAO) dyes and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). These BAO dyes were intentionally designed as two acridine orange units connected by neutral linkers featuring a 2,5-disubstituted thiophene moiety. Comparative analysis of BAO compounds with the widely utilized DNA-binding dye EvaGreen (EG) was carried out for fibroblast staining and qPCR analysis. The results show that BAO dyes outperform EG by supporting PCR amplification over a broader concentration range (0.5–5.0 μM). Furthermore, they exhibit an exceptional capability to generate consistent DNA melting curves regardless of DNA concentration fluctuations. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that BAO dyes when interacting with dsDNA unfold from the stacked conformation to the elongated one. The difference in the energy between the conformations is shown to be concomitant with fluorescence enhancement. This study enriches our understanding of the intricate interplay between innovative BAO dyes and dsDNA, fostering their applications in medical and biochemical research, particularly in qPCR methodologies and bioimaging techniques.