Macrophages and autophagy: partners in crime

Abstract

Macrophages and autophagy are intricately linked, both playing vital roles in maintaining homeostasis and responding to disease. Macrophages, known for their ‘eating’ function, rely on a sophisticated digestion system to process a variety of targets, from apoptotic cells to pathogens. The connection between macrophages and autophagy is established early in their development, influencing both differentiation and mature functions. Autophagy regulates essential immune functions, such as inflammation control, pathogen clearance, and antigen presentation, linking innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, it modulates cytokine production, ensuring a balanced inflammatory response that prevents excessive tissue damage. Autophagy also plays a critical role in macrophage polarization, influencing their shift between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory states. This review explores the role of autophagy in macrophages, emphasizing its impact across various tissues and pathological conditions, and detailing the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which autophagy shapes macrophage function.