Multiple-analytical study on the technology of Zhaili celadon from the late sixth to the seventh centuries and its initiation

Abstract

Zhaili Kiln is considered one of the earliest kilns to produce northern celadon, but there is currently little comprehensive research on its celadon production. Thirty pieces of typical Zhaili celadon wares dating to the sixth and seventh centuries have been studied in this work. The chemical compositions and microstructures of the ceramic bodies and glazes of these wares have been determined to suggest the possible raw materials and relevant techniques used to make the Zhaili celadon wares. The scientific results indicate that the Zhaili celadon bodies were made using local coal-based clay with high Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ contents. Besides, additional quartz may be added to the body paste due to its high SiO₂ content and the observable angular quartz particles, which might be ascribed to reducing the firing temperature of coal clay. Unlike typical Chinese glaze recipes, the Zhaili celadon glazes might be produced by three components, coal clay, vegetal ash, and an additional siliceous component, probably loess. This ternary glaze formula at least lasted to the Jin Dynasty in the Zibo kilns. The possible reason for adding loess is to improve the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ in the glaze and effectively form an amorphous glass matrix. The Zhaili kiln potters appear to have developed a suitable celadon making formula to adapt to the available raw materials in the local area. The production of celadon bodies and glazes in the Zhaili kiln varies between its initial and mature stages.