Shifting spawning phenology in Hudson River American Shad

Abstract

Objective

The objectives of this study were to investigate potential shift in the phenology of spawning for the Hudson River American Shad Alosa sapidissima and to identify factors contributing to the decline of the Hudson River shad population.

Methods

This study utilized American Shad eggs collected from the Long River Ichthyoplankton Survey. Logistic models were employed to estimate spawning phenology metrics, including the onset, peak, cessation, and duration of the spawning season. Additionally, we investigated the effects of biotic and abiotic variables on spawning timing.

Result

This study suggests that temporal changes in the spawning onset exhibited high variation and were not significant. However, a significantly delayed spawning peak and cessation, along with an extended spawning season, were observed. Additionally, the findings of this study revealed a correlation between the timing of spawning onset and water temperature, indicating that a 1°C increase in water temperature was associated with a 3.66-day earlier initiation of spawning. Smaller female spawner size was associated with delayed peak and cessation of the spawning season. With a 1-cm decrease in the average female spawner size, the peak of the spawning season was delayed by 1.79 days and the cessation of the spawning season was delayed by 2.87 days.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that water temperature may be a crucial trigger for initiating spawning in Hudson River American Shad, with higher water temperatures associated with earlier spawning onset. Moreover, the findings indicate that the timing of spawning peaks and cessations has been progressively delayed over time, and this is linked to the size of female spawners.