Nanomaterials in point-of-care diagnostics: Bridging the gap between laboratory and clinical practice

Abstract

The integration of nanomaterials into biosensing technologies represents a paradigm shift in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring, marking a significant advancement in the field. This comprehensive review examines the role of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and quantum dots, in enhancing the performance of biosensors. These nanomaterials contribute unique physical and chemical properties, including exceptional electrical, optical, and thermal conductivities, which significantly improve the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of biosensors. The review provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which these nanomaterials enhance biosensor functionality, including increased surface-to-volume ratio, improved electron transfer rates, and enhanced signal transduction. The practical applications of these advanced biosensors are explored across various domains, including oncology, infectious diseases, diabetes management, cardiovascular health, and neurodegenerative conditions, emphasizing their role in early disease detection, real-time health monitoring, and personalized medicine. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical challenges and limitations facing the field, such as biocompatibility, biofouling, stability, and integration into existing healthcare systems. Strategies to overcome these challenges, including advanced material engineering and novel fabrication techniques, are discussed. The future of nanomaterial-based biosensors is envisioned through the lens of emerging trends and technological innovations. The integration with microfluidics, artificial intelligence, and wearable technology is highlighted as a path toward more personalized, efficient, and accessible healthcare solutions. This review underscores the transformative impact of nanomaterials in biosensing, projecting a future where these advanced technologies play a pivotal role in reshaping diagnostics, patient care, and environmental monitoring, thereby significantly enhancing healthcare and public health outcomes.