The lateral approach for total knee arthroplasty in valgus osteoarthritis provides similar clinical and radiological results compared with the medial approach.

Abstract

Purpose: In total knee arthroplasty (TKA), valgus deformities require special approaches to achieve precise mechanical axis correction and joint stability. This study aimed to determine whether the lateral approach without tibial tubercle osteotomy allows mechanical axis correction in valgus knee osteoarthritis (OA), which is at least as effective as the medial approach, while also assessing whether it provides clinically comparable results and complications.

Methods: A total of 204 patients undergoing TKA for valgus knee OA were included in this retrospective comparative study, with 131 patients in the lateral approach group and 73 patients in the medial approach group. The surgical goal was to achieve stability with a neutral axis based on mechanical alignment. Detailed pre- and postoperative clinical and radiographic data were obtained, including measurements of the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKAA) and patella tilt angle. Functional status was determined based on the Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Age, body mass index, sex and preoperative HKAA were adjusted between both groups using propensity score matching (n = 45 per group).

Results: In the propensity score-matched cohort, the postoperative HKAA did not show differences when comparing the lateral and the medial approach at a mean follow-up of 19.7 months (p = 0.385). The achieved correction of the patella tilt angle was higher in the lateral approach group in the overall (p < 0.001) and matched cohort (p < 0.001). No differences were detected regarding the postoperative OKS and complications. However, wound healing disorders showed a tendency to be more prevalent in patients who underwent the lateral approach in the overall cohort (6.1%, n = 8 vs. 0.0%, n = 0, p = 0.053) but not in the propensity score-matched cohort (p = 0.494).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that for pronounced valgus OA, the lateral approach achieves favourable results in HKAA correction, patellar tilt and complications comparable to the medial approach. However, the risk of wound healing disorders appears higher with severe valgus deformity.

Level of evidence: Level III therapeutic study.