Functional connectivity changes in males with nicotine addiction: A triple network model study

Abstract

Background

Nicotine addiction (NA) is recognized as a significant neurobehavioral disorder that affects both individuals and society. It is suggested that alterations in functional network connectivity (FNC) within specific brain networks underlie its neurobiological basis.

Methods

The default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) are identified using data from the Human Connectome Project. The study includes 47 individuals with NA and 35 normal controls (NC), all of whom undergo resting-state fMRI alongside smoking-related clinical assessments. A sliding window analysis is employed to assess connectivity metrics, including static functional network connectivity (FNC), standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV), to compare information integration between the groups. Participants with NA are classified based on longitudinal changes in Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores over six years into three categories: addiction tendency (AT), withdrawal tendency (WT), and stable tendency (ST). Correlation analyses are conducted to explore relationships between FNC abnormalities and clinical assessments.

Results

Individuals with NA exhibit reduced static FNC (p_FDR = 0.029) between the dorsal DMN and the right ECN, accompanied by increased SD (p_FDR = 0.029) and CV (p_FDR = 0.029). A significant increase in SD (p_FDR = 0.049) is also observed in the dorsal DMN and left ECN. Correlations indicate that the SD of the dorsal DMN and right ECN relates to the pharmacological dimension of the Russell Smoking Reasons Questionnaire (RRSQ) scale (r = 0.416, p_FDR = 0.044), while CV correlates with changes in the FTND over six years (r = −0.391, p_FDR = 0.044) and the pharmacological dimension of the RRSQ scale (r = 0.402, p_FDR = 0.044). Post-hoc subgroup analyses reveal that these FNC intensity changes are present among WT patients (p_FDR < 0.05).

Conclusions

Alterations in brain network function within the DMN and ECN are suggested to precede behavioral changes in NA. These findings are interpreted as potential neurobiological markers of nicotine addiction.