Recent developments in non-invasive methods for assessing metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.

Abstract

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is increasing, affecting over one-third of the global population and contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnosing MAFLD, especially with advanced fibrosis, remains challenging due to the limitations of liver biopsy, the current gold standard. Non-invasive tests are crucial for early detection and management. Among these, the fibrosis-4 index (Fib-4) is widely recommended as a first-line test for screening for liver fibrosis. Advanced imaging techniques, including ultrasound-based elastography and magnetic resonance elastography, offer high accuracy but are limited by cost and availability. Combining biomarkers, such as in the enhanced liver fibrosis score and FibroScan-AST score, enhances diagnostic precision and is recommended to further stratify patients who are considered to be intermediate or high risk from the Fib-4 score. We believe that the future lies in the combined use of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy.