Impact of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on stereoscopic vision and retinal structure in adult amblyopic rodents.

IF 3.1 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY Eye and Brain Pub Date : 2024-10-31 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.2147/EB.S474573
Gema Martinez-Navarrete, Sergio Castaño-Castaño, Miguel Morales-Navas, Francisco Nieto-Escámez, Fernando Sánchez-Santed, Eduardo Fernandez
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Abstract

Purpose: The impact of visual deprivation on retinal structure is widely debated. Experimental models, like monocular deprivation through lid suture, provide insights into the consequences of lacking visual experience during development. This deprivation delays primary visual cortex (CV1) maturation due to improper neural connection consolidation, which remains plastic beyond the critical period. However, few studies have used Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to investigate structural alterations in the retina of animal models following monocular deprivation. Instead, some studies have focused on the ganglion cell layer using post-mortem histological techniques in amblyopia models induced by monocular deprivation.

Methods: In this study, we used Cliff test to assess stereoscopic vision and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to evaluate retinal changes in an in vivo model of visual deprivation treated with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).

Results: The depth perception test initially revealed differences between individuals with amblyopia and the control group. However, after 8 tDCS sessions, amblyopic subjects matched the control group's performance, which remained stable Additionally, significant changes were observed in retinal structures post-tDCS treatment. Specifically, the thickness of the Nerve Fiber Layer + Ganglion Cell Layer + Inner Plexiform Layer (NFL+GCL+IPL) increased significantly in amblyopic eyes (p<0.001). Moreover, significant retinal thickening, including the Nerve Fiber Layer + Ganglion Cell Layer + Inner Plexiform Layer (NFL+GCL+IPL) and the entire retina, was observed post-tDCS treatment (p<0.05), highlighting the critical role of tDCS in ameliorating amblyopia. Additionally, treated animals exhibited reduced thickness in the Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL).

Conclusion: tDCS treatment effectively restores amblyopic individuals' stereoscopic vision, aligning their performance with controls, while impacting retinal structure, highlighting its potential in ameliorating amblyopia's visual deficits.

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经颅直流电刺激对成年弱视啮齿动物立体视觉和视网膜结构的影响。
目的:关于视觉剥夺对视网膜结构的影响存在广泛争议。实验模型,如通过缝合眼睑进行单眼剥夺,为了解发育过程中缺乏视觉经验的后果提供了见解。由于神经连接巩固不当,这种剥夺会延迟初级视觉皮层(CV1)的成熟,而这种成熟在关键期之后仍具有可塑性。然而,很少有研究使用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)来研究单眼剥夺后动物模型视网膜的结构变化。相反,一些研究利用死后组织学技术对单眼剥夺诱导的弱视模型的神经节细胞层进行了研究:在这项研究中,我们使用克里夫测试评估立体视觉,并使用光谱域光学相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)评估经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)治疗视觉剥夺体内模型的视网膜变化:结果:深度知觉测试最初显示弱视患者与对照组存在差异。此外,经颅直流电刺激治疗后,视网膜结构也发生了显著变化。结论:tDCS 治疗能有效恢复弱视者的立体视觉,使其表现与对照组一致,同时对视网膜结构产生影响,突出了其改善弱视视觉缺陷的潜力。
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来源期刊
Eye and Brain
Eye and Brain OPHTHALMOLOGY-
CiteScore
7.90
自引率
2.30%
发文量
12
审稿时长
16 weeks
期刊介绍: Eye and Brain is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal focusing on basic research, clinical findings, and expert reviews in the field of visual science and neuro-ophthalmology. The journal’s unique focus is the link between two well-known visual centres, the eye and the brain, with an emphasis on the importance of such connections. All aspects of clinical and especially basic research on the visual system are addressed within the journal as well as significant future directions in vision research and therapeutic measures. This unique journal focuses on neurological aspects of vision – both physiological and pathological. The scope of the journal spans from the cornea to the associational visual cortex and all the visual centers in between. Topics range from basic biological mechanisms to therapeutic treatment, from simple organisms to humans, and utilizing techniques from molecular biology to behavior. The journal especially welcomes primary research articles or review papers that make the connection between the eye and the brain. Specific areas covered in the journal include: Physiology and pathophysiology of visual centers, Eye movement disorders and strabismus, Cellular, biochemical, and molecular features of the visual system, Structural and functional organization of the eye and of the visual cortex, Metabolic demands of the visual system, Diseases and disorders with neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, Clinical and experimental neuro-ophthalmology and visual system pathologies, Epidemiological studies.
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