Genetic Influence of the Brain on Muscle Structure: A Mendelian Randomization Study of Sarcopenia

Abstract

Background

The association between brain and sarcopenia has not been clarified. We aim to investigate the causal association between brain structure, function, gene expression and sarcopenia-related traits.

Methods

All participants were Europeans. GWAS data of Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDs) was from the UK Biobank. Gene expression in 13 brain regions was acquired from the GTEx Consortium. The sarcopenia-related traits, including appendicular lean mass (ALM), whole body lean mass (WBLM), grip strength and sarcopenia diagnosed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) or Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), were from the IEU website. The inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and Wald ratio methods were used for a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis between brain structures and sarcopenia-related traits. The summary-data-based MR (SMR) was used to investigate brain genes causally influencing sarcopenia. We calculated the F-value, odds ratio with 95% CI and p-value. For the sensitivity analysis, the heterogeneity I² statistic, Cochrane's Q test, Egger's intercept test, MR-PRESSO and the leave-one-out sensitivity test were used. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein–protein interaction (PPI), transcription factor interaction prediction and miRNA interaction prediction analysis were used to reveal potential signalling pathways and mechanisms.

Results

We included 3144 imaging phenotypes from 8428 participants in BIDs data. One hundred forty-one BIDs were identified to causally influence ALM, 160 BIDs showed significant causal effect on the WBLM, and 86 BIDs showed significant causal effect on grip strength. There were 48 or 32 BIDs causally associated with sarcopenia diagnosed by the EWGSOP or FNIH criteria respectively. After FDR correction, there were 35 BIDs showing causal effect on the ALM, 28 BIDs showing causal effect on the WBLM and 7 BIDs showing causal effect on grip strength (p < 0.05). Twelve to forty-eight genes in different brain regions showed causal effect on all the five sarcopenia-related traits. MMP24-AS1, HLA-DRB6, HLA-DQA2, DDX42, BAG6, NUSAP1, LINC00940, NME1-NME2 and AS3MT in the amygdala region showed detrimental effect on all the five sarcopenia-related traits, whereas HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1-AS1 and C6ORF3 showed protective effect (p < 0.05). The gene enrichment analysis indicated these screened genes was mainly enriched in immune-related signalling.

Conclusion

We discovered the causal effect of BIDs and brain gene expression on sarcopenia. The positive genes were mainly enriched in immune-related signalling, suggesting an immune-based cross-organ regulation mechanism of brain–muscle axis.