Kerstinginone, a new flavanone derivative from Commiphora kerstingii Engl. (Burseraceae) with potent apoptosis-inducing activity and inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in non-sensitive prostate cancer cells

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Commiphora kerstingii Engl is a tree which is 20–30 m in height and commonly called “ararrabi” in Hausa. It is found in the Sahelian region (Cameroon, Chad, and Nigeria) where it is utilized for the treatment of several ailments including cancer.

Aim of the study

This study was aimed at investigating the chemical constituents and cytotoxic effect of extracts and isolates from the stem barks and leaves of C. kerstingii.

Materials and methods

Using classical chromatography technique coupled with spectroscopic analysis and literature information, ten (10) compounds were isolated from C. kerstingii stem barks and leaves, out of which two [kerstingilactone (3) and kerstinginone (10)] were new. To evaluate their potential cytotoxic effect, the impact on cell viability, growth, and proliferation was assessed using MTT and CCK-8 assays. Cell death mechanisms were analyzed via flow cytometry, and Western blotting was utilized to examine the expression of specific regulatory proteins. Furthermore, anti-metastatic properties were investigated through assays on cell migration, adhesion, and chemotaxis.

Results

Among the tested compounds, 2 (Masticadienonic Acid) and 10 (kerstinginone) exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibition of PC3 and LNCaP cell growth. Compound 2 displayed optimal inhibitory effects within a concentration range of 10–40 μg/mL, while compound 10 demonstrated potent growth inhibition at concentrations of 2.5–10 μg/mL. Both compounds suppressed cell proliferation and the formation of clones. Specifically, compound 2 induced apoptosis solely in the androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells, whereas compound 10 induced a stronger and concentration-dependent apoptotic response in both PC3 and LNCaP cells, resulting in approximately 50–70% apoptotic cells. It also induced potent cell migration/invasion arrest at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 5 μg/mL and increased cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.

Conclusion

Kerstinginone exhibits potent cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity, making it a promising lead for discovering a new anticancer drug.