Tong Liu , Huasong Bai , Hengyan Wang , Yunliang Li , Zhanzhong Wang
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Stone symptoms are one of the most common health problems in pets. Inflammation in the kidneys causes the pet's urine to form a hard substance that blocks the urinary tract. Plantago asiatica L. and Lonicera japonica Thunb., as traditional Chinese diuretics, have remarkable effects on anti-inflammatory and analgesia. However, their mechanism of action remains unclear.
Purpose
The alleviating effect of Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica extracts upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in canine and feline kidney cells was investigated in this work.
Materials and methods
Inflammatory factor concentrations and oxidative stress indicators were used to evaluate the inflammatory response. The mechanism by which two extracts reduced inflammation was explored using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) metabolome assay.
Results
The results demonstrated that Plantago asiatica or Lonicera japonica extract at safe concentration (25–200 μg/mL for canine kidney cell and 1–20 μg/mL for feline kidney cell, respectively) could significantly reduce the release of nitric oxide (p < 0.05) and oxidative damage (p < 0.05) after LPS stimulation, inhibit the production of inflammatory factors (p < 0.05), and improve cell migration ability (p < 0.05). The RT-qPCR results confirmed that Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expressions of TLR4, MyD88, NF-kB, Caspase9 and Bax (p < 0.05), and enhanced the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 (p < 0.05). Non-targeted metabolomics results indicated that the cells treated with two extracts raised the contents of allopurinol, further inhibited uric acid and gout and lowered the contents of adenosine and adenine. Moreover, it was revealed that the Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica participated in purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, nucleotide metabolism pathways to alleviate kidney cell inflammation.
Conclusions
The interaction mechanism was revealed to reduce the content of inflammatory factors by inhibiting TLR4-MyD88-NF-kB signaling pathway, and participate in purine metabolism to reduce the inflammation of kidney cells. These findings could provide significant insight into alleviating nephritis in canine and feline, and strategies for preventing urinary tract and kidney stones using Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica extracts.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to the exchange of information and understandings about people''s use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals and their biological and pharmacological effects based on the principles established through international conventions. Early people confronted with illness and disease, discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical knowledge of these medicinal substances and their toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on materia medica. Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin, reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostigmine, quinidine, emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicinals.
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