Brain Age Gap as a Predictor of Early Treatment Response and Functional Outcomes in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Study: L'écart d'âge cérébral comme prédicteur de la réponse en début de traitement et des résultats fonctionnels dans un premier épisode de schizophrénie : une étude longitudinale.

Abstract

Objectives: Accelerated brain aging, i.e., the age-related structural changes in the brain appearing earlier than expected from one's chronological age, is a feature that is now well established in schizophrenia. Often interpreted as a feature of a progressive pathophysiological process that typifies schizophrenia, its prognostic relevance is still unclear. We investigate its role in response to antipsychotic treatment in first-episode schizophrenia.

Methods: We recruited 49 drug-naive patients with schizophrenia who were then treated with risperidone at a standard dose range of 2-6 mg/day. We followed them up for 3 months to categorize their response status. We acquired T1-weighted anatomical images and used the XGboost method to evaluate individual brain age. The brain age gap (BAG) is the difference between the predicted brain age and chronological age.

Results: Patients with FES had more pronounced BAG compared to healthy subjects, and this difference was primarily driven by those who did not respond adequately after 12 weeks of treatment. BAG did not worsen significantly over the 12-week period, indicating a lack of prominent brain-ageing effect induced by the early antipsychotic exposure per se. However, highly symptomatic patients had a more prominent increase in BAG, while patients with higher BAG when initiating treatment later showed lower gains in global functioning upon treatment, highlighting the prognostic value of BAG measures in FES.

Conclusions: Accelerated brain aging is a feature of first-episode schizophrenia that is more likely to be seen among those who will not respond adequately to first-line antipsychotic use. Given that early poor response indicates later treatment resistance, measuring BAG using structural MRI in the first 12 weeks of treatment initiation may provide useful prognostic information when considering second-line treatments in schizophrenia.