A new way to improve the fire safety of polyurethane composites with the assistance of metal–organic frameworks

Jinhu Hu, Ye-Tang Pan, Keqing Zhou, Pingan Song and Rongjie Yang
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Abstract

Polyurethane (PU) is extensively utilized for its outstanding properties. However, its flammability and the substantial release of toxic smoke and harmful gases during combustion pose significant safety concerns in practical applications. Consequently, the development of efficient flame-retardant PU materials has become a critical priority. In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable interest as innovative flame retardants. Thanks to their structural diversity, large specific surface area, tunable porosity, and multifunctional properties, MOF materials show significant promise in improving the flame retardancy of PU. MOFs not only catalyze the formation of stable char layers during PU combustion but also adsorb and trap smoke and toxic gases, all while avoiding the release of corrosive or toxic gases at high temperatures, unlike conventional flame retardants. This review systematically compiles the latest progress in using MOFs to enhance PU flame retardancy, with an emphasis on their applications in polyurethane elastomers (PUE), thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), and polyurethane foams (PUF). This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the flame-retardant effects of various MOF structures and investigates the synergistic interactions between MOFs and other flame retardants. Additionally, this work identifies current challenges and future development paths, offering theoretical guidance and research avenues for advancing efficient and safe flame-retardant PU materials. This is crucial for enhancing the safety of PU materials and broadening their application areas.

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借助金属有机框架提高聚氨酯复合材料防火安全性的新方法
聚氨酯(PU)因其出色的性能而被广泛使用。然而,在实际应用中,聚氨酯的易燃性以及在燃烧过程中释放出的大量有毒烟雾和有害气体却带来了极大的安全隐患。因此,开发高效阻燃聚氨酯材料已成为当务之急。近年来,金属有机框架(MOFs)作为创新型阻燃剂引起了广泛关注。MOF 材料结构多样、比表面积大、孔隙率可调且具有多功能特性,因此在提高聚氨酯阻燃性方面大有可为。与传统阻燃剂不同,MOF 不仅能在聚氨酯燃烧过程中催化形成稳定的炭层,还能吸附和捕集烟雾和有毒气体,同时避免在高温下释放腐蚀性或有毒气体。本综述系统地汇编了使用 MOFs 增强聚氨酯阻燃性的最新进展,重点介绍了它们在聚氨酯弹性体 (PUE)、热塑性聚氨酯 (TPU) 和聚氨酯泡沫 (PUF) 中的应用。本文全面评估了各种 MOF 结构的阻燃效果,并研究了 MOF 与其他阻燃剂之间的协同作用。此外,本文还指出了当前面临的挑战和未来的发展方向,为推进高效、安全的阻燃聚氨酯材料提供了理论指导和研究途径。这对于提高聚氨酯材料的安全性和拓宽其应用领域至关重要。
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