{"title":"Effect of Low-intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Response Inhibition of Adults With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.","authors":"Firouzeh Mahjoubnavaz, Elahe Khosrowabadi, Fatemeh Latifi, Yasaman Daroughe Kazem, Jalil Gholizadeh Soltani, Hamideh Khalilpour, Farhad Soleymani","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4707.1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Response inhibition is an impaired cognitive function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) individuals. This primary deficit during the cancelation of an intended movement is observed even in the minimal demanding cognitive tasks. Studies have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), especially on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), can improve response inhibition. Nevertheless, TMS has a low spatial resolution, and its effect may not be observed in a single-session intervention. Studies show that low-intensity TMS has higher spatial resolution. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this method for intervention of response inhibition in ADHD individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><b>I</b>n a double-blind paradigm, the performance of the adults with ADHD while executing a Stroop color and word test (SCWT) was measured during a sham or a real stimulation of the DLPFC. Subsequently, the response inhibitions of the participants were measured before and after the stimulation. The number of correct, wrong, and missed answers to 96 computerized trials and the response times of the answers were measured. In addition, changes in electro-cortical activities during the rest phase before and after the stimulation were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After checking for data normality, the paired t-test between behavioral data showed that low-intensity magnetic stimulation of the DLPFC can improve response inhibition (reduce errors) even in a single-session intervention of ADHD individuals. The answering times did not change significantly. The behavioral changes were associated with significant changes in the power of EEG in delta and beta frequency bands at the frontal areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed stimulation protocol with low-intensity TMS had a fair effect on the response inhibition in adults with ADHD. Therefore, it could be suggested as a treatment protocol for response inhibition in ADHD individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 4","pages":"531-540"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565665/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.4707.1","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"NEUROSCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Response inhibition is an impaired cognitive function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) individuals. This primary deficit during the cancelation of an intended movement is observed even in the minimal demanding cognitive tasks. Studies have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), especially on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), can improve response inhibition. Nevertheless, TMS has a low spatial resolution, and its effect may not be observed in a single-session intervention. Studies show that low-intensity TMS has higher spatial resolution. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this method for intervention of response inhibition in ADHD individuals.
Methods: In a double-blind paradigm, the performance of the adults with ADHD while executing a Stroop color and word test (SCWT) was measured during a sham or a real stimulation of the DLPFC. Subsequently, the response inhibitions of the participants were measured before and after the stimulation. The number of correct, wrong, and missed answers to 96 computerized trials and the response times of the answers were measured. In addition, changes in electro-cortical activities during the rest phase before and after the stimulation were also evaluated.
Results: After checking for data normality, the paired t-test between behavioral data showed that low-intensity magnetic stimulation of the DLPFC can improve response inhibition (reduce errors) even in a single-session intervention of ADHD individuals. The answering times did not change significantly. The behavioral changes were associated with significant changes in the power of EEG in delta and beta frequency bands at the frontal areas.
Conclusion: The proposed stimulation protocol with low-intensity TMS had a fair effect on the response inhibition in adults with ADHD. Therefore, it could be suggested as a treatment protocol for response inhibition in ADHD individuals.
期刊介绍：
BCN is an international multidisciplinary journal that publishes editorials, original full-length research articles, short communications, reviews, methodological papers, commentaries, perspectives and “news and reports” in the broad fields of developmental, molecular, cellular, system, computational, behavioral, cognitive, and clinical neuroscience. No area in the neural related sciences is excluded from consideration, although priority is given to studies that provide applied insights into the functioning of the nervous system. BCN aims to advance our understanding of organization and function of the nervous system in health and disease, thereby improving the diagnosis and treatment of neural-related disorders. Manuscripts submitted to BCN should describe novel results generated by experiments that were guided by clearly defined aims or hypotheses. BCN aims to provide serious ties in interdisciplinary communication, accessibility to a broad readership inside Iran and the region and also in all other international academic sites, effective peer review process, and independence from all possible non-scientific interests. BCN also tries to empower national, regional and international collaborative networks in the field of neuroscience in Iran, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa and to be the voice of the Iranian and regional neuroscience community in the world of neuroscientists. In this way, the journal encourages submission of editorials, review papers, commentaries, methodological notes and perspectives that address this scope.
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