[What is proven in the treatment of complement-mediated kidney diseases?]

Abstract

Complement-mediated kidney diseases encompass a complex group of diseases that are primarily caused by dysregulation of the complement system. The complement system is a crucial component of the innate immune system consisting of soluble and membrane-bound proteins. The complement system is essential for the defence against pathogens and homeostasis but its uncontrolled activation can lead to an exaggerated cellular response to immunogenic, inflammatory and metabolic stimuli. For example, glomerular deposition of immune complexes can activate the complement system and contribute to the progression of kidney diseases. The most well-known complement-mediated kidney diseases are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy, which falls under the group of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). Diagnosing these diseases requires detailed investigations with respect to triggering factors, including genetic analyses and the measurement of specific complement factors. New therapeutic approaches with drugs targeting complement system activation are now offering promising treatment options. These medications fundamentally differ from other immunosuppressive drugs and specifically target the pathological processes within the complement system. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms of complement regulation, the pathophysiological foundations of complement-mediated kidney diseases and the latest diagnostic and therapeutic advances. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of these complex conditions and to emphasize the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in treatment and research.