Probing the Origin of the Star Formation Excess Discovered by JWST through Gamma-Ray Bursts

Tatsuya Matsumoto, Yuichi Harikane, Keiichi Maeda and Kunihito Ioka
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Abstract

The recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a larger number of bright galaxies at z ≳ 10 than was expected. The origin of this excess is still under debate, although several possibilities have been presented. We propose that gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are a powerful probe to explore the origin of the excess and, hence, the star and galaxy formation histories in the early universe. Focusing on the recently launched mission, Einstein Probe (EP), we find that EP can detect several GRBs annually at z ≳ 10, assuming the GRB formation rate calibrated by events at z ≲ 6 can be extrapolated. Interestingly, depending on the excess scenarios, the GRB event rate may also show an excess at z ≃ 10, and its detection will help to discriminate between the scenarios that are otherwise difficult to distinguish. Additionally, we discuss that the puzzling, red-color, compact galaxies discovered by JWST, the so-called “little red dots,” could host dark GRBs if they are dust-obscured star-forming galaxies. We are eager for unbiased follow-up of GRBs and encourage future missions such as HiZ-GUNDAM to explore the early universe.
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通过伽马射线暴探测 JWST 发现的恒星形成过剩的起源
詹姆斯-韦伯太空望远镜(JWST)最近的观测发现,z ≳10处有比预期更多的明亮星系。尽管人们提出了几种可能性,但对这种过量的起源仍有争议。我们建议伽马射线暴(GRBs)是一个强大的探测器,可以用来探索过量的起源,进而探索早期宇宙中恒星和星系的形成历史。以最近发射的爱因斯坦探测器(Einstein Probe,EP)为重点,我们发现假定可以推断出z≳6时的伽玛射线暴形成率,EP每年可以探测到几个z≳10时的伽玛射线暴。有趣的是,根据不同的过量情况,在z≃10时的GRB事件率也可能会出现过量,对它的探测将有助于区分其他难以区分的情况。此外,我们还讨论了 JWST 发现的令人费解的红颜色紧凑星系,即所谓的 "小红点",如果它们是被尘埃遮挡的恒星形成星系,那么它们也可能承载暗GRB。我们迫切希望对全球热辐射光进行无偏见的跟踪,并鼓励未来的飞行任务(如 HiZ-GUNDAM)探索早期宇宙。
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