Divergent hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic responses to the components of evening meals. A general adult population study in individuals without diabetes (AEGIS study).

Abstract

Background and aim: Few real-life studies have analyzed the glycemic response to nutrients in individuals without diabetes. We investigated the glycemic response to evening meals in relation to individual characteristics, nutrient components, and preprandial and postprandial routines.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 489 individuals without diabetes from a randomly selected general adult population (310 women, median age 46 years, range 18-84 years) was conducted using a continuous glucose monitoring device for 7 days. The study recorded the participants' glycemic profile at 6 h after dinner, the food consumed at dinner, the fasting duration before dinner, and the duration between the end of dinner and going to bed. Principal component analysis and multilevel functional data analysis were used to interpret the data.

Results: On average, a postprandial glycemic peak was observed at 45 min, followed by a decline to baseline levels from 90 min onwards. Older age, higher body mass index, and large meals (especially those high in starch and dairy products) were all significantly associated with higher glucose levels throughout the 6 h after dinner. The fruit component was associated with a higher initial glycemic peak, followed by a lowering glycemic effect thereafter (p < 0.001). The alcohol component was associated with an initial hypoglycemic effect (p = 0.006). The participants who fasted longer before dinner had higher postprandial glycemic peaks (p = 0.001), and those who went to bed later had higher postprandial glucose levels than those who went to bed earlier (p = 0.003).

Conclusions: The participants' characteristics, nutrient components, and pre- and post-dinner routines have divergent effects on post-dinner glycemic response.