Gluten proteins: A comprehensive review

Abstract

This study explores the intricate relationship between gluten proteins, their adversaries as a food ingredient, their applications and their impact on individuals with various gluten-related sensitivities. It also delves into the multifaceted impacts of gluten, ranging from molecular mechanisms to socioeconomic effects. Ongoing research explores HLA-DQ restricted CD4⁺ T-cell roles in gluten-related disorders, revealing the dynamic nature of T-cell responses as the disorder progresses. A specific gluten-derived protein fragment, the 33-mer deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP), has been found to form oligomeric structures that can damage the gut epithelial cells, allowing harmful substances to enter the bloodstream and trigger inflammation and autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Promising treatments include the transglutaminase 2 inhibitor ZED 1227, which has been shown to prevent intestinal damage and restore nutrient absorption in patients with gluten sensitivity. The economic burden of gluten-related disorders is highlighted to include direct and indirect costs, such as healthcare services, medical management, reduced work productivity, and missed educational opportunities. The gluten-free product market is also evaluated to have seen substantial growth due to the rising prevalence of gluten-related disorders and perceived health benefits. However, higher prices of gluten-free products pose financial challenges, particularly for lower-income groups. Additionally, the production of gluten-free products has environmental impacts that require a prompt need for sustainable sourcing and production practices. Therefore, as the demand for gluten-free products rises, this literature emphasizes the need for further research and innovation to navigate the intricate dynamics between gluten proteins and the ubiquitous processed food market, while envisioning a future with therapeutic innovations that may eliminate the necessity of complete gluten-free lifestyle, emphasizing the need for a balance between economic growth and health.