TDO2 inhibition counters Benzo[a]pyrene-induced immune evasion and suppresses tumorigenesis in lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract

Introduction: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon known as an exogenous AhR ligand. This study investigates the role of BaP in inducing immune checkpoint expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and the underlying mechanisms involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and tryptophan (Trp) metabolism.

Methods: We assessed the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-L1 and ICOSL, in lung epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B and H1975) exposed to BaP. The involvement of AhR in BaP-induced immune checkpoint expression was examined using AhR silencing (siAhR). Additionally, the role of Trp metabolism in BaP-mediated immune evasion was explored through culturing in Trp (-/+) condition media, treatments with the inhibitors of rate-limiting enzymes in Trp metabolism (TDO2 and IDO1) and analyses of Trp-catabolizing enzymes. The therapeutic potential of targeting Trp metabolism, specifically TDO2, was evaluated in vivo using C57BL/6 mice orthotopically inoculated with LUAD cells.

Results: BaP exposure significantly upregulated the mRNA and surface expression of PD-L1 and ICOSL, with AhR playing a crucial role in this induction. Trp metabolism was found to enhance BaP-mediated immune evasion, as indicated by stronger induction of immune checkpoints in Trp (+) media and the upregulation of Trp-catabolizing enzymes. TDO2 inhibition markedly suppressed the surface expression of PD-L1 and ICOSL, demonstrating the importance of Trp metabolism in BaP-induced immune evasion. Further analysis confirmed the high TDO2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma and its association with poor patient survival. Using an orthotopic implantation mouse model, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of two different TDO2 inhibitors on tumorigenesis, immune checkpoints, and tryptophan metabolism.

Conclusions: This study highlights the key mechanisms behind BaP-induced immune evasion in LUAD, particularly through the TDO2/AhR axis. It reveals how TDO2 inhibitors can counteract immune checkpoint activation and boost anti-tumor immunity, suggesting new paths for targeted lung cancer immunotherapy. The findings significantly improve our understanding of immune evasion in LUAD and underscore the therapeutic promise of TDO2 inhibition.