{"title":"Temporal Variation of Particulate and Gaseous Air Pollutants in the Industrialized Region of Kocaeli: Long-term Air Pollution Trend (2019–2023)","authors":"Seren Acarer Arat","doi":"10.1007/s11270-024-07655-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambient air pollution is a global problem that adversely affects human health and causes premature death. In this study, for the first time, the air quality of Körfez region in Kocaeli, an industrialized city in Turkey, was investigated during 2019–2023. The annual and monthly variations of PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2,</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations in the region were investigated. Average daily maximum 8 h average concentration values for O<sub>3</sub> were calculated due to the high average O<sub>3</sub> concentration, especially in the months representing the summer season (June, July, and August). The concentration values of five air pollutants were compared with the limit values specified in the 2005 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines (2005 WHO AQG), 2021 WHO AQG, and Turkish national legislation. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the concentrations of air pollutants. The annual average PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations exceeded the limit values recommended by WHO during 2019–2023. In 2022 and 2023, the annual average PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations were 2.54 and 2.53 times higher than the limit values in the 2021 WHO AQG, while PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were 3.4 and 3.7 times higher. Average NO<sub>2</sub> concentration was 3.58 and 2.71 times higher than the 2021 WHO AQG in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The average SO<sub>2</sub> concentration (< 13.2 µg/m<sup>3</sup>) did not exceed both WHO and national limit values for five years. The study demonstrated that in the study area exposure to PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> pollution is higher during the colder seasons, while exposure to O<sub>3</sub> pollution is higher during the summer season. Especially in July and August, the number of exceedances of the daily maximum 8-h O<sub>3</sub> concentration of 100 µg/m<sup>3</sup> was higher. There were positive strong-very strong correlations between PM<sub>10</sub>-PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>-NO<sub>2,</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>-NO<sub>2,</sub> while there were negative and moderate correlations between PM<sub>2.5</sub>-O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>3</sub>. Considering the concentration of air pollutants in the Körfez region and the limit values for air pollutants, the people in this region face serious health risks, especially respiratory diseases, due to PM10, PM2.5, NO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> pollution. These air pollutants may pose an additional health risk, especially for individuals with respiratory diseases in this region.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"6","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-024-07655-8","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a global problem that adversely affects human health and causes premature death. In this study, for the first time, the air quality of Körfez region in Kocaeli, an industrialized city in Turkey, was investigated during 2019–2023. The annual and monthly variations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and O3 concentrations in the region were investigated. Average daily maximum 8 h average concentration values for O3 were calculated due to the high average O3 concentration, especially in the months representing the summer season (June, July, and August). The concentration values of five air pollutants were compared with the limit values specified in the 2005 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines (2005 WHO AQG), 2021 WHO AQG, and Turkish national legislation. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the concentrations of air pollutants. The annual average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the limit values recommended by WHO during 2019–2023. In 2022 and 2023, the annual average PM10 concentrations were 2.54 and 2.53 times higher than the limit values in the 2021 WHO AQG, while PM2.5 concentrations were 3.4 and 3.7 times higher. Average NO2 concentration was 3.58 and 2.71 times higher than the 2021 WHO AQG in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The average SO2 concentration (< 13.2 µg/m3) did not exceed both WHO and national limit values for five years. The study demonstrated that in the study area exposure to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 pollution is higher during the colder seasons, while exposure to O3 pollution is higher during the summer season. Especially in July and August, the number of exceedances of the daily maximum 8-h O3 concentration of 100 µg/m3 was higher. There were positive strong-very strong correlations between PM10-PM2.5, PM10-NO2, and PM2.5-NO2, while there were negative and moderate correlations between PM2.5-O3 and NO2-O3. Considering the concentration of air pollutants in the Körfez region and the limit values for air pollutants, the people in this region face serious health risks, especially respiratory diseases, due to PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 pollution. These air pollutants may pose an additional health risk, especially for individuals with respiratory diseases in this region.
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments.
Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.
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