Light touch alters vestibular-evoked balance responses: insights into dynamics of sensorimotor reweighting.

Abstract

Integrated multisensory feedback plays a crucial role in balance control. Minimal fingertip contact with a surface (light touch), reduces the center of pressure (CoP) by adding sensory information about postural orientation and balance state. Electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) can increase sway by adding erroneous vestibular cues. This juxtaposition of conflicting sensory cues can be exploited to explore the dynamics of sensorimotor adaptations. We used continuous stochastic EVS (0-25 Hz; ±4 mA; 200-300 s) to evoke balance responses in CoP (experiment 1, experiment 2). Systems analyses (coherence, gain) quantified coupling and size of balance responses to EVS. We had participants either touch (TOUCH; <2 N) or not touch (NO-TOUCH) a load cell during EVS (experiment 1, experiment 2), or we intermittently removed the touch surface (experiment 2) to measure the effects of light touch on vestibular-evoked balance responses. We hypothesized that coherence and gain between EVS and CoP would decrease, consistent with the central nervous system (CNS) down-weighting vestibular cues that conflict with light touch. Light touch reduced CoP displacement but increased variation in the CoP signal explained by EVS input. Significant coherence between EVS and CoP was observed up to ∼30 Hz in both conditions but was significantly greater in the TOUCH condition from 12 to 28.5 Hz. Conversely, EVS-CoP gain was 63% lower in TOUCH compared with NO-TOUCH. Our findings show that light touch can reduce the size of vestibular-evoked responses but also increase high-frequency vestibular contributions for sway. This suggests that the CNS can use discrete changes in sensory inputs to alter balance behavior but cannot fully suppress responses to a potent cue.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reveals that minimal fingertip contact (light touch) during balance tasks not only diminishes the impact of electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) on sway but also exposes a high-frequency center of pressure element, correlated to vestibular inputs, not typically seen in free standing. Specifically, light touch decreases the magnitude of EVS-induced sway while increasing coherence with EVS at higher frequencies. This illustrates the central nervous system's capacity to adaptively reweight sensorimotor processes for balance control.